Pancreatic Islets

Epple, August

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-544901-4.50013-4

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 149 publications

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“…Throughout most of this area there are pancreatic islets, but exocrine acini that accompany the biliary tree into the liver do not appear to have any associated endocrine tissue. Because a concentrated area of endocrine cells into Brockmann bodies does not exist in bowfin, we tend to agree with Epple and Brinn (1986), that total isletectomy would virtually be impossible in this species.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

“…The functional significance of such an arrangement is not clear. In fact, Epple and Brinn (1986) claim that the exocrine-endocrine relationship in the pancreas has no functional significance. Therefore, the extra-islet endocrine cells (between and within acini) may be a consequence of ontogenetic differences between bowfin and other actinopterygians.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The endocrine cells in the gastroenteropancreatic system of the bowfin, Amia calva L.: An immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical analysis

Youson¹,

Al‐Mahrouki²,

Naumovski³

et al. 2001

Journal of Morphology

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The gastroenteropancreatic (GEP) endocrine system of bowfin (Amia calva) was described using light and electron microscopy and immunological methods. The islet organ (endocrine pancreas) consists of diffusely scattered, mostly small islets and isolated patches of cells among and within the exocrine acini. The islets are composed of abundant, centrally located B cells immunoreactive to bovine and lamprey insulin antisera and D cells showing a widespread distribution and specificity to somatostatin antibodies. A and F cells are present at the very periphery of the islets and are immunoreactive with antisera against glucagon (and glucagon-like peptide) and several peptides of the pancreatic polypeptide (PP)-family, respectively. The peptides of the two families usually collocates within the same peripheral islet cells and are the most common immunoreactive peptides present in the extra-islet tissue. Immunocytochemistry and fine structural observations characterised the granule morphology for B and D cells and identified two cell types with granules immunoreactive to glucagon antisera. These two putative A cells had similar granules, which were distinct from either B or D cells, but one of the cells had rodshaped cytoplasmic inclusions within cisternae of what appeared to be rough endoplasmic reticulum. The inclusions were not immunoreactive to either insulin or glucagon antisera. Only small numbers of cells in the stomach and intestine immunoreacted to antisera against somatostatin, glucagon, and PP-family peptides. The paucity of these cells was reflected in the low concentrations of these peptides in intestinal extracts. The GEP system of bowfin is not unlike that of other actinopterygian fishes, but there are some marked differences that may reflect the antiquity of this system and/or may be a consequence of the ontogeny of this system in this species.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 64%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The endocrine cells in the gastroenteropancreatic system of the bowfin, Amia calva L.: An immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical analysis

Youson¹,

Al‐Mahrouki²,

Naumovski³

et al. 2001

Journal of Morphology

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“…Chondrichthyans (cartilaginous fish such as sharks, skates, rays (elasmobranchs) and chimeras (holocephalans)) are the most distant group relative to mammals such as ourselves to possess a distinct pancreatic gland containing multiple cell types with both endocrine and exocrine functions [ 1 , 2 ]. The more distant vertebrate lineages such as the jawless hagfish and lampreys (Figure 1 ) possess only small islet organs containing insulin- and somatostatin-producing endocrine cells and these islets lack any glucagon-producing cells or exocrine function [ 2 – 4 ]. The accumulation of multiple cell types into a single compact gland was an important step in pancreas evolution (and can be considered to be an evolutionary innovation) [ 5 , 6 ] and it has been suggested that a switch from sensing gut-glucose to blood-glucose to establish a “stable inner milieu ” via homeostatic mechanisms may have been an important factor in the evolution of a more complex glucose-dependent brain in vertebrates, protected from hyper- and hypoglycaemia [ 7 – 9 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Transcriptomic analysis of the lesser spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) pancreas, liver and brain reveals molecular level conservation of vertebrate pancreas function

et al. 2014

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BackgroundUnderstanding the evolution of the vertebrate pancreas is key to understanding its functions. The chondrichthyes (cartilaginous fish such as sharks and rays) have often been suggested to possess the most ancient example of a distinct pancreas with both hormonal (endocrine) and digestive (exocrine) roles. The lack of genetic, genomic and transcriptomic data for cartilaginous fish has hindered a more thorough understanding of the molecular-level functions of the chondrichthyan pancreas, particularly with respect to their “unusual” energy metabolism (where ketone bodies and amino acids are the main oxidative fuel source) and their paradoxical ability to both maintain stable blood glucose levels and tolerate extensive periods of hypoglycemia. In order to shed light on some of these processes, we carried out the first large-scale comparative transcriptomic survey of multiple cartilaginous fish tissues: the pancreas, brain and liver of the lesser spotted catshark, Scyliorhinus canicula.ResultsWe generated a mutli-tissue assembly comprising 86,006 contigs, of which 44,794 were assigned to a particular tissue or combination of tissues based on mapping of sequencing reads. We have characterised transcripts encoding genes involved in insulin regulation, glucose sensing, transcriptional regulation, signaling and digestion, as well as many peptide hormone precursors and their receptors for the first time. Comparisons to mammalian pancreas transcriptomes reveals that mechanisms of glucose sensing and insulin regulation used to establish and maintain a stable internal environment are conserved across jawed vertebrates and likely pre-date the vertebrate radiation. Conservation of pancreatic hormones and genes encoding digestive proteins support the single, early evolution of a distinct pancreatic gland with endocrine and exocrine functions in jawed vertebrates. In addition, we demonstrate that chondrichthyes lack pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and that reports of PP in the literature are likely due cross-reaction with PYY and/or NPY in the pancreas. A three hormone islet organ is therefore the ancestral jawed vertebrate condition, later elaborated upon only in the tetrapod lineage.ConclusionsThe cartilaginous fish are a great untapped resource for the reconstruction of patterns and processes of vertebrate evolution and new approaches such as those described in this paper will greatly facilitate their incorporation into the rank of “model organism”.Electronic supplementary materialThe online version of this article (doi:10.1186/1471-2164-15-1074) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

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“…Such structures might be related to the exocrine pancreatic tissue, or hepatopancreas, commonly present with diffuse distribution among the hepatic tissue of teleosts (Epple and Brinn, 1986), which is responsible for producing digestive enzymes that act in the intestine (Hinton and Pool, 1976;González et al, 1993).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Essential oils in the initial phase of broodstock diets of Nile tilapia

et al. 2014

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-This study evaluated the effect of feed supplementation (at doses of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mg/kg) with SALUTO ® , a microencapsulated blend of essential oils including carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, 1,8-cineol, and pepper oleoresin, in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) broodstock on reproductive and growth parameters during the initial phase of rearing. The growth parameters, somatic indexes and gonadal and hepatic parameters were analyzed. Quantitative parameters of growth, ovary fat and crude protein were not affected by supplementation of the additive. However, an increase in crude protein in the female liver was observed in correlation with increased essential oil levels. The female hepatosomatic index was also correlated with supplementation of essential oils. Feeding Nile tilapia broodstock diets containing an essential oil compound (SALUTO ® ) affects only the females, promoting an increase in liver protein inclusion and hepatosomatic index without impairing performance.

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Pancreatic Islets

Cited by 5 publications

References 149 publications

The endocrine cells in the gastroenteropancreatic system of the bowfin, Amia calva L.: An immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical analysis

The endocrine cells in the gastroenteropancreatic system of the bowfin, Amia calva L.: An immunohistochemical, ultrastructural, and immunocytochemical analysis

Transcriptomic analysis of the lesser spotted catshark (Scyliorhinus canicula) pancreas, liver and brain reveals molecular level conservation of vertebrate pancreas function

Essential oils in the initial phase of broodstock diets of Nile tilapia

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