A B S T R A C T The factors influencing the development of impaired sciatic motor nerve conduction velocity (MNCV) in acute experimental diabetes were examined. Decreased MNCV developed by the 14th day after streptozotocin administration but only in rats which became hyperglycemic. Insulin treatment, begun on day 3, failed to prevent impaired MNCV in diabetic rats in which improved or normal weight gain and a decreased degree of hyperglycemia was induced. However, insulin treatment prevented the development of impaired MNCV in a group of diabetic rats in which the tail vein plasma glucose concentration was never found to exceed 160 mg/dl during days 6 through 14, and in which the mean+SEM of the average plasma glucose concentration for each animal during the same period was 754+18 mg/dl. In normal rats fed diets containing 0.011% or 0.069% free myoinositol (a presumably normal range), sciatic nerve free myoinositol concentrations were 90-and 60-fold higher than those in plasma. On