“…In terms of adolescent outcomes, permissive parenting tends to share more positive outcomes than authoritarian parenting with authoritative parenting. Although authoritarian parenting is associated with decreased conflict for some non-White populations (Dixon, Graber, & Brooks-Gunn, 2008), other studies have indicated that (a) permissive parenting does not have a significant impact on spiritual intelligence, while neglecting and authoritarian parenting are negatively associated with it (Moosa & Ali, 2011); (b) does not hinder DoS and identity development, whereas authoritarian parenting does (Ragelienė & Justickis, 2016); and (c) is no less predictive of adolescents' reporting of higher life satisfaction across five domains (i.e., friends, school, living, family, and self-satisfaction) than authoritative parenting, whereas neglecting and authoritarian parenting are (Cenkseven-Önder, 2012). Thus, it is reasonable to assert that the adolescent outcomes associated with permissive parenting exceed those of authoritarian parenting (as reflected in Figure 3); this is likely because "harsh or physical discipline, yelling or scolding, expressing disappointment, and shaming, all of which are hallmarks of authoritarian parenting, have detrimental effects on child adjustment in cultures around the world" (Smetana, 2017, p. 20).…”