Overview of Environmental and Health Effects Related to Glyphosate Usage

Abstract

Since the introduction of glyphosate (N-(phosphomethyl) glycine) in 1974, it has been the most used nonselective and broad-spectrum herbicide around the world. The widespread use of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides is due to their low-cost efficiency in killing weeds, their rapid absorption by plants, and the general mistaken perception of their low toxicity to the environment and living organisms. As a consequence of the intensive use and accumulation of glyphosate and its derivatives on environmental sources, major concerns about the harmful side effects of glyphosate and its metabolites on human, plant, and animal health, and for water and soil quality, are emerging. Glyphosate can reach water bodies by soil leaching, runoff, and sometimes by the direct application of some approved formulations. Moreover, glyphosate can reach nontarget plants by different mechanisms, such as spray application, release through the tissue of treated plants, and dead tissue from weeds. As a consequence of this nontarget exposure, glyphosate residues are being detected in the food chains of diverse products, such as bread, cereal products, wheat, vegetable oil, fruit juice, beer, wine, honey, eggs, and others. The World Health Organization reclassified glyphosate as probably carcinogenic to humans in 2015 by the IARC. Thus, many review articles concerning different glyphosate-related aspects have been published recently. The risks, disagreements, and concerns regarding glyphosate usage have led to a general controversy about whether glyphosate should be banned, restricted, or promoted. Thus, this review article makes an overview of the basis for scientists, regulatory agencies, and the public in general, with consideration to the facts on and recommendations for the future of glyphosate usage.

Factors Affecting the Nutritional, Health, and Technological Quality of Durum Wheat for Pasta-Making: A Systematic Literature Review

“…Further concerns have been raised regarding the use of nonselective and broad-spectrum herbicides, such as glyphosate, in conventional farming systems. Indeed, glyphosate and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA) residues are often detected on soil, water bodies, and food products, causing detrimental effects on environmental and human health [ 197 ].…”

Morphological, Histological, and Glyphosate Residue Analysis of Helianthus annuus L. Plants Treated with Glyphosate

“…Low (10 µg/L) and sublethal concentrations of glyphosate were detected in plants within 20 m of the glyphosate application site [20], also in Urochloa decumbens plants [21]. As a consequence of this non-targeted exposure, glyphosate residues are also detected in various food plants and foods [19].…”

“…However, only a small part of the total applied glyphosate serves the actual purpose, and most of it ends up in the environment, which reduces crop yields and endangers human and animal life. Glyphosate can reach non-target plants via different routes, such as spraying, release through the tissue of treated plants, and dead tissue of weeds [19]. Low (10 µg/L) and sublethal concentrations of glyphosate were detected in plants within 20 m of the glyphosate application site [20], also in Urochloa decumbens plants [21].…”

Antioxidant Vitamins (Vit C and E) Protect the Kidney from Glyphosate- Exposed Renal Damage in Experimental Rats - A Molecular Study

“…Additionally, enzymes like Cytochrome P450, glutathione transferases (GST), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) play crucial roles in detoxification mechanisms, which may be negatively influenced by the herbicide Roundup. An in vitro study explored the adverse effects of glyphosate on various hepatic enzymes, revealing alterations in the levels of these enzymes upon exposure to glyphosate [5][6][7].…”