Since the introduction of glyphosate (N-(phosphomethyl) glycine) in 1974, it has been the most used nonselective and broad-spectrum herbicide around the world. The widespread use of glyphosate and glyphosate-based herbicides is due to their low-cost efficiency in killing weeds, their rapid absorption by plants, and the general mistaken perception of their low toxicity to the environment and living organisms. As a consequence of the intensive use and accumulation of glyphosate and its derivatives on environmental sources, major concerns about the harmful side effects of glyphosate and its metabolites on human, plant, and animal health, and for water and soil quality, are emerging. Glyphosate can reach water bodies by soil leaching, runoff, and sometimes by the direct application of some approved formulations. Moreover, glyphosate can reach nontarget plants by different mechanisms, such as spray application, release through the tissue of treated plants, and dead tissue from weeds. As a consequence of this nontarget exposure, glyphosate residues are being detected in the food chains of diverse products, such as bread, cereal products, wheat, vegetable oil, fruit juice, beer, wine, honey, eggs, and others. The World Health Organization reclassified glyphosate as probably carcinogenic to humans in 2015 by the IARC. Thus, many review articles concerning different glyphosate-related aspects have been published recently. The risks, disagreements, and concerns regarding glyphosate usage have led to a general controversy about whether glyphosate should be banned, restricted, or promoted. Thus, this review article makes an overview of the basis for scientists, regulatory agencies, and the public in general, with consideration to the facts on and recommendations for the future of glyphosate usage.
El potencial genético de los maíces nativos (Zea mays L.) y su adaptación a las condiciones agroclimáticas de cada región en particular puede ser utilizado en los programas de mejoramiento genético a fin de atender las demandas de grano a nivel local, regional y nacional, y así contribuir a minimizar la importación de maíz amarillo. El objetivo de este estudio fue valorar poblaciones de maíz amarillo de diferente origen geográfico de México, evaluar su comportamiento agromorfológico e identificar grupos o poblaciones adaptadas, con expresión favorable para ambientes de los Valles Altos de México. Se evaluaron 101 poblaciones de maíz de grano amarillo en 2014 y 2015 en Montecillo y Tecámac, Estado de México, y se registraron características morfológicas y agronómicas. Con el análisis de componentes principales y de conglomerados se definieron ocho grupos, los cuales mostraron diferencias significativas en las variables entre años, localidades, grupos e interacciones, que evidencian la diversidad y variabilidad del comportamiento del germoplasma evaluado. Los resultados permitieron observar la gama de opciones para aprovechar las características genéticas de las poblaciones, tales como la precocidad, porte de la planta, tamaño de mazorca y rendimiento de grano. Se pudo constatar que los materiales nativos presentan características agronómicas y de adaptación al ambiente que se pueden aprovechar en los programas de mejoramiento genético para áreas con condiciones óptimas o restrictivas.
production units by identifying: (i) crop management practices, (ii) types of inputs and technologies used, and (iii) health status of soils and crops. Design/Methodology/Approach: This implemented research was of the type known as "In-depth case study", where the minimum sample size is 6 to 10 cases. Descriptive, correlational, and explanatory aspects corresponding to the selected production units were considered; based on qualitative and quantitative information. Results: For indicators of crop management and soil health, the predominant type of agriculture was transition to agroecology. Crop health indicators were the most agroecological. Study limitations/Implications: The results obtained allowed to establish the current state of the production units; with which further comparisons of the condition of those production units in the future can be made. Findings/Conclusions: The methodology used allowed to evaluate participatively, from an agroecological approach, the sustainability of soils and crops in production units of the municipalities Ario de Rosales, Michoacán and Tetela del Volcán, Morelos. Within the six productive units studied, it was found a productive unit with the appropriate characteristics to be considered as an "agroecological beacon".
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