“…Hence, they possess addictive effects that fall under the spectrum of substance use and misuse which is of prime importance from a medical and a forensic science perspective (Al-Imam, Simonato, & Corazza, 2016;Al-Imam, 2017b;Al-Imam, 2017c;Al-Imam et al, 2017;Al-Imam & AbdulMajeed, 2017a;Al-Khalisy & Al-Imam, 2017;Catalani et al, 2018). Over the past two decades, the discipline of neurosciences interested in studying the emerging phenomenon of NPS has been growing at an exponential rate, paralleled only by the analogue pace of explosive growth within the discipline of information and communication technologies (ICT) and its appendageal electronic commerce (e-commerce) spectacle (Ginter, Shear, Spahn, Van Wie, & Weber, 2014;Turban, King, Lee, Liang, & Turban, 2015;Meek et al, 2016). Psychoactive substances and NPS could be physiologically categorised into neural activity stimulants, depressants, and a miscellaneous category for chemicals that do not fit into either category (Dargan & Wood, 2012;Dargan & Wood, 2013;Al-Imam & AbdulMajeed, 2017a).…”