Osteomalacic Dialysis Osteodystrophy: Evidence for a Water-Borne Ætiological Agent, Probably Aluminium

Ward, M. K.; Ellis, H. A.; Feest, Terry; Parkinson, Ian; Kerr, David; Herrington, J. Lynwood; Goode, G.L

doi:10.1016/s0140-6736(78)90191-5

Cited by 425 publications

(151 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…In patients on dialysis [14] or on long-term total parenteral nutrition [15] , this metal accumulates in different organs. The toxicological effects of aluminum in humans include encephalopathy [14] , bone disease [16] , anemia [17] and skeletal system disease [18] . Furthermore, aluminum is possibly a contributing factor in the development of Alzheimer's disease [19] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camel's Milk Protects against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of White Albino Rats

Al‐Hashem¹

2009

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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Problem statement: Aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 ) is commonly used in daily life but it can be potentially toxic. Therefore, the present study was carried out to investigate the protective effects of camel's milk against aluminum-induced biochemical alterations and oxidative stress in the liver and kidney of white albino rats. Approach: White albino male rats (230-250 g) were divided into three groups of 10 rats: a control group treated with normal saline, the AlCl 3 -treated group and the camel's milk-AlCl 3 -treated group. The AlCl 3 treated group received 0.5 mg kg −1 of AlCl 3 orally. The camel's milk-AlCl 3 -treated group was fed 1 mL of fresh camel's milk 10 minutes prior to the administration of oral AlCl 3 . All rats were treated every day for 30 days. Liver and kidney biochemical serum parameters were analyzed. Lipid peroxidation, as determined by the tissue concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and hydrogen peroxide (HP), and the oxidative stress status, as measured by glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity, were evaluated in the kidney and liver of treated rats. Results: Data showed that the oral administration of AlCl 3 resulted in statistically significant increases in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, bilirubin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cholesterol and triglycerides; the total amount of protein and albumin were also significantly decreased. However, these parameters were within normal levels in the rats given camel's milk prior to AlCl 3 . Additionally, oral administration of AlCl 3 induced lipid peroxidation in the liver and kidney, which was indicated by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation biomarkers (TBARS and HP) and a significant decrease in the activities of GSH, SOD and CAT. In all rats treated with camel's milk before being given AlCl 3 , lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress parameters were within normal levels. Conclusion: Treatment with camel's milk prior to AlCl 3 exposure alleviates AlCl 3 -associated hazards and protects the kidney and liver from AlCl 3 toxicity.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camel's Milk Protects against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of White Albino Rats

Al‐Hashem¹

2009

American Journal of Biochemistry and Biotechnology

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“…Patients on dialysis [14] or undergoing long-term treatment with total parental nutrition [15] tend to accumulate this metal in different organs. The toxicological effects on humans include encephalopathy [14] , bone disease [16] , anemia [17] and skeletal system disease [18] . It may also be a contributing factor for the development of Alzheimer's disease [19] though the evidence remains contradictory [18][19][20] .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Camel’s Milk Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Chronic Aluminum Chloride Exposure in Rat’s Testes

Al‐Hashem¹

2009

American J. of Applied Sciences

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Problem statement: The present study was carried out to examine the effectiveness of Camel's milk in alleviating aluminum chloride (AlCl 3 )-induced oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation in rat testes. Approach: White albino male rats (230-250 g) were divided into three groups of 10 rats: A control group, treated with normal saline and two experimental groups, the AlCl 3 treated group and the Camel's milk-AlCl 3 treated group. The first experimental group, the AlCl 3 treated group, received 0.5 mg kg −1 of AlCl 3 orally. The second experimental group was fed 1 mL of fresh Camel's milk 10 min prior to the administration of oral AlCl 3 . All rats were treated every day for 30 days. Lipid peroxidation, as determined by testicular concentration of Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances (TBARS) and Hydroperoxide (HP) levels and the oxidative stress status, as measured by glutathione (GSH) levels, Superoxide Dismutase (SOD) and Catalase (CAT) activity, were evaluated in the rat testes. Results: Oral administration of AlCl 3 induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress in rat testes, which was indicated by a significant increase in lipid peroxidation biomarkers (TBARS and HP) and a significant decrease in the GSH content and SOD and CAT activities. When rats received Camel's milk before being given AlCl 3 , lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress parameters were restored to normal levels. In the testes from rats fed Camel's milk TBARS and HP levels were significantly reduced and, conversely, GSH content, SOD and CAT activities were significantly increased compared to rats that received only AlCl 3 . Conclusion: Treatment with Camel's milk prior to AlCl 3 alleviates AlCl 3 -associated hazards and protects testicular tissue from AlCl 3 toxicity.

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“…Ward and his colleagues (50) reported that after one to four years of hemodialysis treatment, osteomalacia was evident in only 15% of a group of patients using dionized water compared with 70% of a group using softened, nondeionized water from the same source. They reported that in dialysis centers which used tap water with a high aluminum content there was a high incidence of both osteomalacia and dialysis encephalopathy.…”

Section: Water Aluminum Content and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Parkinson and his colleagues (51) concluded that the adequate treatment of water, from the start of a patient on dialysis therapy, appeared to be essential to prevent the development of these syndromes. They also proposed from their epidemiol-ogical survey findings that the "ideal or safe" aluminum dialysate content was probably below 50 ,ug/L and was more likely to be below 20 jig/L. Reverse osmosis is now the recommended method of water treatment since it provides water with a low aluminum content (< 10 ,ug/L) (52).…”

Section: Water Aluminum Content and Toxicitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Water Content of Aluminum, Dialysis Dementia, and Osteomalacia

Wills¹,

Savory²

1985

Environmental Health Perspectives

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In the presence of normal renal function, a high concentration of aluminum in drinking water has been implicated as a factor in the etiology of a neurological syndrome in one specific geographical area. The role of aluminum as a toxic agent in other neurological disorders, where renal function is normal, is controversial.Aluminum is absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract and is normally excreted by the kidneys in the urine. In patients with chronic renal failure, aluminum appears to be of proven toxicological importance. In these patients the accumulation of aluminum in tissues causes an encephalopathy (dialysis encephalopathy or dialysis dementia), a specific form of metabolic bone disease (osteomalacic dialysis osteodystrophy), and an anemia and also plays an etiological role in some of the other complications associated with end-stage chronic renal disease. A failure in the normal renal excretory mechanism accounts for the tissue accumulation in chronic renal failure. The majority of chronic renal failure patients who develop aluminum toxicity are on long-term treatment with either hemo-or peritoneal dialysis; some patients develop toxicity who are only on treatment with aluminum-containing phosphate-binding agents.Aluminum in the dialysate appears to be the major source of the metal in chronic renal failure patients who develop aluminum toxicity. The aluminum content of the dialysate depends primarily on the content of the water with which it is prepared; there may be some contribution from the chemicals used in the concentrate which is added to the water. Some domestic tap-water supplies contain aluminum in high concentration, either naturally or because aluminum has been added as a flocculant in the purification process. Acid rain markedly increases the "natural" aluminum content of water.The driving force for aluminum transfer during dialysis seems to be the effective concentration gradient between the dialysate aluminum and the free diffusible serum aluminum fraction. The transfer of aluminum from the dialysate across the dialyzing membrane appears to occur despite low concentrations of the metal in the dialysate. The species of aluminum in tap water and dialysate may significantly affect the dialysability of aluminum into the blood compartment and its subsequent deposition in tissues. The major portion, if not all, of aluminum in blood is tightly bound to serum proteins and an as yet unidentified lower molecular weight species.Aluminum is the third most abundant element in the earth's crust and is the most abundant metal. Attention was first drawn to the potential role of aluminum as a toxic metal over 50 years ago. Aluminum cooking utensils were being introduced at that time, and these together with the aluminum present in city drinkingwater and a variety of medicines were considered to represent a potential health hazard (1). In the intervening years, although the subject has been controversial, aluminum was not, until recently, recognized as a toxic metal. Aluminum was dismissed as a toxic metal in...

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Osteomalacic Dialysis Osteodystrophy: Evidence for a Water-Borne Ætiological Agent, Probably Aluminium

Cited by 425 publications

References 20 publications

Camel's Milk Protects against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of White Albino Rats

Camel's Milk Protects against Aluminum Chloride-Induced Toxicity in the Liver and Kidney of White Albino Rats

Camel’s Milk Alleviates Oxidative Stress and Lipid Peroxidation Induced by Chronic Aluminum Chloride Exposure in Rat’s Testes

Water Content of Aluminum, Dialysis Dementia, and Osteomalacia

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