Osteoblastic cell response on high-rough titanium coatings by cold spray

Abstract

Highly rough and porous commercially pure titanium coatings have been directly produced for first time by the cold spray technology, which is a promising technology in front of the vacuum plasma spray for oxygen sensitive materials. The wettability properties as well as the biocompatibility evaluation have been compared to a simply sand blasted Ti6Al4V alloy substrate. Surface topographies were analysed using confocal microscopy. Next, osteoblast morphology (Phalloidin staining), proliferation (MTS assay), and differentiation (alkaline phosphatase activity) were examined along 1, 7 and 14 days of cell culture on the different surfaces. Finally, mineralization by alizarin red staining was quantified at 28 days of cell culture. The contact angle values showed an increased hydrophilic behaviour on the as-sprayed surface with a good correlation to the biological response. A higher cell viability, proliferation and differentiation were obtained for highly rough commercial pure titanium coatings in comparison with sand blasted substrates. Cell morphology was similar in all coatings tested; at 14 days both samples showed extended filopodia. A higher amount of calcium-rich deposits was detected on highly rough surfaces. In summary, in-vitro results showed an increase of biological properties when surface roughness increases.

In Vitro Characterization of In Situ Alloyed Ti6Al4V(ELI)-3 at.% Cu Obtained by Laser Powder Bed Fusion

“…Cell mineralization levels were higher for as-built surfaces that, along with the lack of cell proliferation, were compatible with a higher cell differentiation status. This increase in the production of extracellular matrices with the increase in surface roughness is corroborated by the literature [ 23 ]. Although the detailed mechanism still requires further study, it has been demonstrated that larger cell spreading is beneficial for osteoblast differentiation [ 22 ].…”

“…Thus, an increase in Cu 2+ content may negatively affect cell deposition locally. However, further studies of metal ion release should be performed, as well as for Ti-Cu and Ti6Al4V-Cu alloys, since the release of Al and V ions is known to promote moderate and high cell cytotoxicity, respectively [ 23 ]. It has been reported that the increase in Cu content in Ti6AL4V- x Cu alloys, resulted not only in an increase in Cu ions, but also increased a release in Ti and Al ions too [ 22 ].…”

“…Additionally, when manufacturing by L-PBF, the inherent surface topography of as-printed parts should be considered since it can be beneficial by means of cell response. Surface roughness plays an important role in cell attachment, as well as in cell functioning (e.g., cell proliferation, differentiation, and mineralization), which could be beneficial for osseointegration [ 23 ]. Surface roughness affects cell response at the nano- and micro-scale, but its optimal range has not been defined yet.…”

Apatite Formation Induced by Chitosan/Gelatin Hydrogel Coating Anchored on Poly(aryl ether nitrile ketone) Substrates to Promote Osteoblastic Differentiation

“…[ 6 ] Among them, hydroxyapatite (HA) coating is a biocompatible and osteoconductive strategy for facilitating cellular activities, such as cell proliferation, adhesion, and differentiation. [ 7,8 ] Thus far, various methods, including plasma spraying [ 9 ] and electrochemical deposition, [ 10 ] for preparing HA coating on the surfaces of bone‐implant materials have been investigated. However, there are still limitations regarding implant geometry, bonding strength to the substrate, mechanical property, and the incorporation of the bioactive compounds.…”

Electrochemical Corrosion Behavior and Mechanical Properties of Nanocrystalline Ti–6Al–4V Alloy Induced by Sliding Friction Treatment

“…Moreover, Ti–6Al–4V alloy exhibits an excellent corrosion resistance that benefited from the formation of the compact rutile TiO 2 layer [3,4]. However, it has gradually lost its dominance as the most viable orthopedic alloy, because the metal ions (such as V 3+ , V 5+ , and Al 3+ ) resulted from passive layer dissolution and wearing have a great toxic effect during long-term performance [5,6]. Therefore, significantly improved corrosion resistance is needed to satisfy the demand for biomedical application.…”