Origin and dissemination of the pollen‐part mutated S_C haplotype which confers self‐compatibility in apricot (Prunus armeniaca)

Abstract

Summary• In China, its centre of origin, apricot ( Prunus armeniaca ) is self-incompatible. However, most European cultivars are self-compatible. In most cases, selfcompatibility is a result of a loss-of-function mutation within the pollen gene ( SFB ) in the S C haplotype. Controlled pollinations performed in this work revealed that the cross 'Ceglédi óriás' ( S 8 S 9 ) × 'Ceglédi arany' ( S C S 9 ) set well, as expected, but the reciprocal cross did not.• Apricot S 8 , S 9 and S C haplotypes were analysed using a multilevel approach including fruit set evaluation, pollen tube growth analysis, RNase activity assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and DNA sequencing of the S-RNase and SFB alleles.• SFB 8 was revealed to be the first known progenitor allele of a naturally occurring self-compatibility allele in Prunus , and consequently S C = . The first intron of S C -RNase is a phase one intron, indicating its more recent evolutionary origin compared with the second intron. Sequence analysis of different cultivars revealed that more single nucleotide polymorphisms accumulated in S C -RNase than in SFB C . New methods were designed to allow high-throughput analysis of S genotypes of apricot cultivars and selections.• S-RNase sequence data from various sources helped to elucidate the putative origin and dissemination of self-compatibility in apricot conferred by the S C haplotype.

S-Genotype Profiles of Turkish Apricot Germplasm

“…AprFBC8 F and R primers were used for discrimination of SFB C/8 allele (Halász et al, 2007). The size of the PCR products was compared with those previously published by other researchers (Vilanova et al, 2005;Halász et al, 2007Halász et al, , 2010.…”

“…AprFBC8 F and R primers were used for discrimination of SFB C/8 allele (Halász et al, 2007). The size of the PCR products was compared with those previously published by other researchers (Vilanova et al, 2005;Halász et al, 2007Halász et al, , 2010. For S 8 and Sc alleles, although Vilanova et al (2005) and Halasz et al (2010) reported as 353 and also, Halasz et al (2013) reported as 355 bp, the hereby result obtained was 354 bp band size.…”

“…An allele-specific reverse primer, AprSC8R (Halasz et al, 2010), was designed to selectively amplify the Sc/ S8 -RNase allele and used in combination with PaConsI F (Sonneveld et al, 2003). AprFBC8-F (5′-CAT GGA AAA AGC TGA CTT ATG G -3′) and AprFBC8-R (5′-GCC TCT AAT GTC ATC TAC TCT TAG -3′) were used for detecting SFB C/8 allele (Halász et al, 2007). The amplification was carried out using a temperature profile according to Halász et al (2010).…”

Review of genetic diversity studies in almond (Prunus dulcis)

“…In this species a continuous decrease in heterozygosity is evident from the Central Asian gene centre to the Western European growing countries. This phenomenon was found to be linked to changes in the mating strategy (Halász et al, 2007;2010b), with self-compatibility arising putatively in the Eastern part of Turkey and then spreading rapidly into the Western regions, where it resulted in a heavy loss of genetic diversity (Pedryc et al, 2009). Selfcompatibility was also described in some Italian and Spanish almond cultivars (Godini, 1979;Socias i Company, 2004), but without any consequences for genetic diversity.…”

Inheritance of S-genotypes in Paviot × Kabaasi apricot F1 progenies

“…According to Halasz et al, [2] there was absence of an S c allele in 44 of 51 apricot genotypes grown in Turkey and they were found to be self-incompatible. Halasz et al [31] also found that 60% of the varieties grown in Turkey are self-incompatible. In this study, 43 of the F 1 progenies had either S c S 1 or S c S 9 alleles, and they were self-compatible.…”