Organochlorine insecticide residues in human breast milk: A survey of lactating mothers from a remote area in Papua New Guinea

Spicer, Paul E.; Kereu, Richard K.

doi:10.1007/bf00191243

Cited by 29 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…The figure shows that as the % sum lipid content increased, there was a corresponding increase and thereafter a drop in the sum DDT in the older mothers (27)(28)(29)(30). The drop in sum DDT with age is in agreement with the report by Saxena and Siddiqui (1982), although other studies have shown no correlation between maternal age and DDT levels (Spicer and Kereu 1993;Hernández et al 1993;Okonkwo et al 1999). It is possible that other variables such as diet, number of pregnancies and duration of residence may also contribute to the level of DDTs in mothers.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa

Okonkwo

Mutshatshi

Botha

et al. 2008

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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Human breast milk samples (n=30) were collected from mothers within the age range of 19-40 years from Thohoyandou area, South Africa. DDT and its metabolites were extracted from the milk samples using diethyl ether. The crude extracts were subjected to column chromatography. The eluates were then evaporated on a stream of nitrogen up to 0.5 mL. One microliter of the cleaned extracts were injected into GC-ECD for selected organochlorine compounds. The sum total of DDT and its metabolites from each village ranged from not detectable for DMS, GNN and THN to 1,930 ng g(-1) fat wt for BDL while SigmaDDE ranged from 1.32 ng g(-1) fat wt for GNN to 2,570 ng g(-1) fat wt for TKD. SigmaDDD ranged from not detectable for GNN to 4,060 ng g(-1) fat wt for MNN. SigmaDDE was the most predominant followed by SigmaDDD and finally SigmaDDT. This was an indication of breakdown of the parent compound, DDT. Some villages namely, Lufule and Budeli, and Maniini and Makhuvha exhibited similar DDT occurrence of 89% in their areas. Other villages, DMS, TLM, and MND and TKD showed a similarity percentage of 82% while others showed similarities of 75% for GNN and MTT, 69% and 65% for MPG and THN respectively. A significant cluster of DDT and its metabolites between the infants' weight range of 2.5-3.9 kg/body wt was observed. Increase in lipid content was followed by a decrease in the sum DDT in the older mothers (27-30). The estimated daily intake varied from 260 to 4,696 ng/g, nd-10,551 ng/g and nd-4,237 ng/g for DDE, DDD and DDT respectively. These values are significantly (p<0.05) higher than the FAO/WHO acceptable daily intake (ADI) of 20 ng/g. The SigmaDDT was found to decrease with increasing age of the mothers. The observed high levels of DDE compared to DDT indicated chronic exposure of the mothers to DDT, which is metabolised to DDE and retained in the body.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 81%

DDT, DDE and DDD in Human Milk from South Africa

Okonkwo

Mutshatshi

Botha

et al. 2008

Bull Environ Contam Toxicol

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“…This supports the theory that the total body load of organochlorines via the breast milk are shed with each successive pregnancy and lactation. During lactation, fat mobilization could take place from adipose tissues within which the organochlorine pesticides are stored, followed by excretion with the milk (Rogan et al 1986;Skaare et al1 990;Spicer and Kereu 1993;Weisenberg et al 1985). This pattern was not observed among HCH isomers and HCB.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organochlorine Pesticide Residues in Human Breast Milk from Tropical Areas in Mexico

Waliszewski

Sedas

Rivera

1996

Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

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“…As man constitutes the last link of the food chain, it is man's body that accumulates the highest concentrations of organochlorine compounds (Dewailly et al 1993, Góralczyk andStrucinski 1996). According to some authors (Czaja et al 1997, Noren 1983, Spicer and Keren 1993, one of the most important means of excreting these compounds from the man's body may be lactation. On the other hand it has been shown in our previous studies (Ludwicki and Góralczyk 1994) that the age may considerably contribute in OCs concentration in human adipose tissues.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%