Organic acid metabolism of <i>Penicillium chrysogenum</i>. 1. Lactate and acetate

Hockenhull, D. J. D.; Herbert, Mary; Walker, A. D.; Wilkin, G. D.; Winder, Frank G.

doi:10.1042/bj0560073

Cited by 24 publications

(6 citation statements)

References 20 publications

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“…Penicillium chrysogenum (Casida & Knight, 1954 ;Hockenhull, Herbert, Walker, Wilkin & Winder, 1954), and Streptomyces codicolor (Cochrane & Peck, 1953). The present work indicates substantially similar conclusions with Z ygorrh ynchus moeller i.…”

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confidence: 91%

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Reactions in the Fungus Zygorrhynchus moelleri

Moses

1955

Journal of General Microbiology

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Whole cells of the fungus Zygorrhynchus moelleri can oxidize acetate, cis-aconitate, citrate, fumarate, glucose, malate, a-ketoglutarate, pyruvate, and succinate under appropriate conditions. The rates of oxidation of acetate and succinate, in particular, are very high and exceed the rate of glucose oxidation. Diethylmalonate in high concentration inhibits the oxidation of glucose and acetate, but succinate oxidation is not greatly inhibited by malonic acid, even when the malonate concentration is twice the succinate concentration.By freezing the cells in liquid nitrogen it is possible to investigate many of the individual reactions of the tricarboxylic acid cycle. Among the more important reactions shown were : cis-aconitate to citrate ; citrate or cis-aconitate to a-ketoglutarate ; a-ketoglutarate to succinate ; succinate to fumarate plus malat,e ; malate to oxalacetate plus pyruvate ; and malate or pyruvate to citrate. Acetate was not metabolized. Succinate oxidation was competitively inhibited by malonate. The significance of these results with regard to the operation of the citric acid cycle in this organism is discussed.

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confidence: 91%

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Reactions in the Fungus Zygorrhynchus moelleri

Moses

1955

Journal of General Microbiology

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“…They were separated by paper chromatography of the 2 : 4-dinitrophenylhydrazones (Cavallini, Frontali & Toschi, 1949) or of the nitroquinoxalinols formed by condensation of a-ketoacids with 1 : 2-diamino-4-nitrobenzene (Hockenhull & Floodgate, 1952 ;Hockenhull, Hunter & Herbert, 1953). Larger quantities of these derivatives were separated by chromatography on alumina columns (Datta, Harris & Rees, 1950;Hockenhull, Herbert, Walker, Wilkin & Winder, 1954 ;Hockenhull & Floodgate, 1952).…”

Section: Analytical Proceduresmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucose utilization by Streptomyces griseus

Hockenhull¹,

Fantes²,

Herbert³

et al. 1954

Journal of General Microbiology

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SUMMARY: Glucose utilization by a strain of Streptomyces griseus was studied. Under highly aerobic conditions, glucose was converted mainly to structural material and CO,, but under restricted aeration, lactic acid was formed. Pyruvic acid was also formed during the stages of most rapid growth. The metabolism of glucose was dependent upon the presence of phosphate, and the optimal hydrogenion concentration for both glucose oxidation and the rate of disappearance of inorganic phosphate was about pH 7. Phosphate esters, tentatively identified as glucose-1-phosphate and glucose-6-phosphate, were obtained in fluoride-inhibited systems. Glucose oxidation was depressed by M-sodium iodoacetate and Msodium arsenite but was stimulated by 10-2M-sodium arsenate ; 1 0 -3~-2 : 4-dinitrophenol and 10-sM-sodium azide had no effect. Streptomycin production was decreased by 3 x lO-*M-sodium arsenate but not by 10-2M-sodium fluoride or ~O-*Msodium iodoacetate. S. griseus metabolized members of the tricarboxylic acid cycle, although citrate and a-ketoglutarate gave much lower values of Qo, a t pH 7.3 than pyruvate, acetate, succinate, fumarate or malate. Ketoacids were produced in presence of arsenite from fumarate, malate, glucose, lactate, acetate, succinate, glutamate and citrate in descending order of yield. Except from fumarate, which yielded some material behaving like a-ketoglutarate, the product was chiefly p p v a t e .

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“…Similarly, in the presence of arsenite, it is glutamate that accumulates mainly rather than a-ketoglutarate. This may explain why Hockenhull et al (1954) were unable to demonstrate the accumulation of this acid when P. chrysogenum strain Q176 metabolized acetate in the presence of arsenite. An unknown key intermediate compound in the oxidation of acetate could have escaped detection in a like manner.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biochemistry of Filamentous Fungi

1956

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The mechanism by which acetate and related compounds are oxidized by fungi has been a subject of discussion for many years (Foster, 1949; Chain, 1956). In 1919 Raistrick and Clark suggested that citrate might be synthesized by a condensation of oxalacetate and acetate. Subsequently, various organic acids were shown to accumulate when two-carbon compounds are metabolized by washed fungal cells; for example, Chrzaszcz et al. (1932) indicated that acetate, glycolate, malate, succinate, fumarate, citrate, and oxalate were produced when ethanol was added to washed mycelial pads of various species of the genus Penicillium. For years some of these organic acids were thought to be intermediates in the oxidation of carbohydrates to C02 and water. After studies with animal tissues had revealed the importance of the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle as a mechanism for terminal oxidation (Krebs, 1940), attention again was focused on the role of this pathway in the fungi. Chain (1956) offers a comprehensive review of work in this field. Most of the data mentioned in Chain's review show that citrate is formed via a C2 plus 04 condensation, most likely as is visualized by the 1 Supported by the U. S. Atomic Energy Commission, Eli Lilly and Company, and the Purdue Research Foundation.

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Organic acid metabolism of Penicillium chrysogenum. 1. Lactate and acetate

Cited by 24 publications

References 20 publications

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Reactions in the Fungus Zygorrhynchus moelleri

Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle Reactions in the Fungus Zygorrhynchus moelleri

Glucose utilization by Streptomyces griseus

Biochemistry of Filamentous Fungi

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