Oral symptoms significantly higher among long-term khat (Catha edulis) users in Ethiopia

Khat or qat (Catha edulis) is a plant that grows in East Africa and southern Arabia. The leaves and twigs of this small tree are chewed by several millions of people worldwide for their stimulating amphetamine-like effects. The reported prevalence of khat chewing in Europe and the USA is on the rise, especially with global migration. Long-term khat chewing has several detrimental general and oral health effects. The aim of the present study was to review the current literature regarding khat use and its association with oral and dental diseases, with particular emphasis on its link with oral keratotic white lesions and oral cancer. We searched the literature to identify all relevant articles. Studies showed that khat is associated with several oral and dental conditions, including keratotic white lesions, mucosal pigmentation, periodontal disease, tooth loss, plasma cell stomatitis, and xerostomia. There are limited data on the incidence of dental caries among khat chewers. The evidence that khat chewing is a risk factor for oral cancer is still weak, and is mainly based on anecdotal case reports and uncontrolled studies. K E Y W O R D Sdental, effect, Khat, oral mucosa

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“…The association between khat chewing and xerostomia has been well documented in the literature . Al‐Alimi et al.…”

Section: Oral Manifestations Of Khat Usagementioning

confidence: 90%

“…Astatkie et al. reported that 16.6% of khat chewers complained of mouth dryness . Interestingly, the development of severe xerostomia is well documented in abusers of amphetamine and its derivatives, such as methamphetamine, which are chemically similar to cathinone, the active component of khat…”

Section: Oral Manifestations Of Khat Usagementioning

confidence: 99%

Khat (Catha edulis) and its oral health effects: An updated review

Al‐Maweri

Warnakulasuriya

Samran

2017

J of Invest & Clin Dent

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“…The growing research evidence shows that khat is a risk factor for different cardio-vascular disorders such as hypertension, ischemic heart diseases, and stroke 3,4 . Khat is also a risk factor for poor oral health 5 , psychosis 6 , mental distress 7 , anemia 8 , poor quality of life 9 , disturbed sleep pattern [10][11][12] , and duodenal ulcer 13 .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of khat chewing and its effect on academic performance in Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia

Kassa¹,

Loha²,

Esaiyas³

2017

Afr H. Sci.

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Background: Khat use is a well-established public health problem in Yemen, Arabian Peninsula, and Ethiopia. Along with its large scale production, the magnitude of khat use is increasing among students. Objective: This study was intended to assess the prevalence, determinants, and effect of khat use on academic performance of high school students in Sidama Ethiopia. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was conducted from April to June 2015. We used a stratified sampling technique to draw a total of 1,577students. The data was collected using self-administered questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS version 20. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used to determine the prevalence, effects, and predictors of khat use. Result:The life time and current prevalence of khat use were 14.6% and 13%, respectively. Smoking cigarette (AOR=5.1, 95% C.I: 2.3-14.3), drinking alcohol (AOR=3.0, 95% C.I: 1.4-6.3), having a family growing khat (AOR=2.0, 95% C.I: 1.1-2.5), having friend chewing khat (AOR=3. 95% C.I: 2.0-4.6), were some of factors that increased the odds of students' khat use. Student's khat use increased the odds of student's poor academic performance (AOR=2.1, 95% C.I: 1.1-3.9). Conclusion:The prevalence of khat use in high khat producing districts of Sidama and its contribution to poor academic performance demand prompt intervention.

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“…The leaves of khat or the powder of Shammah are usually kept in the buccal vestibule of the mouth, or occasionally the lingual or lower labial vestibules for Shammah. 27,28 Both habits have been put forward as risk factors for a negative effect on oral health, which might end with teeth mortality. Also, khat chewers had significantly more tooth loss than non-khat-chewers.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Also, khat chewers had significantly more tooth loss than non-khat-chewers. [28][29][30] Others have proposed consumption of Khat and Shammah as major reasons for tooth wear. 40 As noted in previous studies Al Moaleem 26 and Bayaty et al, 27 many of the oral health problems of Yemen subjects have been associated with Khat and there is a widespread belief that periodontal disease is more severe in khat chewers than non-chewers, ultimately leading to tooth mortality (Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Social Habits and Other Risk Factors that Cause Tooth Loss: An Associative Study Conducted in Taiz Governorate, Yemen

Noman

Aladimi

Alkadasi

et al. 2019

The Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice

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Aims:To investigate the relationship between tooth loss, age, gender, and its correlation with several local habits that affect oral health, especially the khat, and Shammah use. Materials and methods: The current study included 580 participants. They were divided into five age groups15-24, 25-34, 35-44, 45-54, and 55-64-years-old. Clinical and radiographic examinations were done for each subject. Reasons for teeth loss, age, gender, khat chewing, Shammah use, smoking, and use of oral hygiene aids were recorded. The data were statically analyzed using Chi-square tests of the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) program. The p value < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. Results: Caries was the most cause of tooth loss in the young age groups 15-34 years-old and was significantly more common compared to the older groups (p < 0.001). The periodontal diseases increased with age and progressively became the main cause of tooth loss of 100% in the 55-64 years-old group. Orthodontic reasons for tooth extractions were limited to the young age group 15-24 years old. Third molars were the highest extracted teeth in the maxillary arch, while the first molars were the highest in the mandibular arch. Anterior teeth were the lowest extracted teeth ranging from 9; 1.6% in maxillary teeth and 9-29; 1.6-5% in the mandibular teeth. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of local habitual use of khat 52.9% and Shammah 8.1% besides smoking in tooth loss. Caries was the main cause of tooth loss in the young age groups, followed by the periodontal disease in the older age. Molars were frequently extracted followed by maxillary first premolars. Clinical significance: Limited number of epidemiological surveys were carried out in Taiz Governorate to investigate the reasons of tooth loss and its relationship with social habits like Khat chewing, Shammah use, smoking, using of Miswake and toothbrush. The results of this study will guide us to develop a preventive program which may minimize tooth loss and its adverse effects.

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Oral symptoms significantly higher among long-term khat (Catha edulis) users in Ethiopia

Cited by 10 publications

References 24 publications

Khat (Catha edulis) and its oral health effects: An updated review

Khat (Catha edulis) and its oral health effects: An updated review

Prevalence of khat chewing and its effect on academic performance in Sidama zone, Southern Ethiopia

Social Habits and Other Risk Factors that Cause Tooth Loss: An Associative Study Conducted in Taiz Governorate, Yemen

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