Oral mucosa and salivary findings in non-diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease

Salivary and Serum Biochemical Analysis from Patients with Chronic Renal Failure in Hemodialysis: A Cross-Sectional Study

“…However, our results differ, since CRF was much more prevalent in men than in women. Concerning age, our findings demonstrated that most patients had an age greater than or equal to 40 years old, which corroborates the results of some studies [5,12,24,25]. In Brazil, the prevalence of CRF is high; approximately 11 to 22 million adults are estimated to have some degree of renal dysfunction in a population of about 200 million and 70% of the adult population [2].…”

The Pathophysiology and Management of Taste Changes in Chronic Kidney Disease: A Review

“…Studies have consistently found that the saliva of patients with ESKD is more alkaline than people with normal renal function. 32,48 There are several reasons. First, the concentration of salivary urea is increased in CKD.…”

Perceived oral care needs of terminally ill adults – a qualitative investigation

“…Also, it is very common in patients with end-stage kidney failure, affecting 28-59% of them (225). Individuals with kidney failure experience polyuria as an adverse effect due to an inability to reabsorb sodium, which can lead to xerostomia (225,226). The other factors that are associated with xerostomia include dehydration and metabolic imbalance (227).…”

“…Also, taste alterations have been associated with many other illnesses. Individuals who are treated for rheumatoid arthritis (253), and patients with kidney failure (166,226), neurodegenerative disorders and cognitive decline seem to have taste alterations (254). Taste alteration has a significant impact on the quality of life of the affected individuals, as it can decrease the appetite, affect the nutritional intake and lead to unwanted weight loss at a critical time.…”

“…The other individuals who experience halitosis include those with ear, nose, and throat infections (263) and higher levels of urea nitrogen in their blood, especially when it reaches >55 mg/dL (264). Patients with chronic renal failure have high levels of urea nitrogen in the blood and saliva, which seem to may cause halitosis (160,226,265).…”