Optimum Energy Flow Management of a Grid-Tied Photovoltaic-Wind-Battery System considering Cost, Reliability, and CO2 Emission

Abstract

The main goal of this paper is to explore the performance of a residential grid-tied hybrid (GTH) system which relies on economic and environmental aspects. A photovoltaic- (PV-) wind turbine- (WT-) battery storage system with maximizing self-consumption and time-of-use (ToU) pricing is conducted to examine the system efficiency. In so doing, technical optimization criteria with taking into consideration renewable energy benefits including feed-in-tariff (FIT) and greenhouse gas emission (GHG) reduction are analyzed. As the battery has a substantial effect on the operational cost of the system, the energy management strategy (EMS) will incorporate the daily operating cost of the battery and the effect of the degradation. The model can give the opportunity to the network to sell or purchase energy from the system. The simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach in which the new objective function achieves the maximum cost-saving (99.81%) and income (5.16 $/day) compared to other existing strategies as well as the lowest GHG emission. Furthermore, the battery enhances the best daily self-consumption and load cover ratio. Then, as the model is nonlinear, a comparison with other existing algorithms is performed to select the feasible, robust, and reliable model for the residential application. A hybrid algorithm (HGAFMINCON) is developed to demonstrate the superiority of the algorithm over FMINCON and GA shown in terms of cost savings and income.

An intelligent energy management system for optimum design and real-time operation

“…The results obtained showed that an optimal sharing of power between the main network and the microgrid reduces these costs significantly. An energy management strategy based on a hybrid algorithm has been proposed, in [3], for a grid-integrated residential system to optimize daily operating costs and CO2 emissions. Aghdam et al [13] proposed a procedure for energy management between multi-microgrid systems which takes into consideration the stochastic character of renewable energies and the cost of degradation of batteries.…”

Toward an intelligent community microgrid energy management system based on optimal control schemes

“…The light power is directly converted into energy by the solar cells. The energy E PV generated by the PV generator is computed as follows 34 :…”

Design of a PV‐fed electric vehicle charging station with a combination of droop and master‐slave control strategy

“…14 The published work on PV-based charging systems covers system design, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) operations, power management, and electricity bill reduction in smart homes. [15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Because all these methods involve a greater standard over a long duration, they cannot tolerate unexpected system perturbations such as rapid irradiance shifts. It has been demonstrated by Thang et al 22 that a sliding-mode control can be used to enhance the robustness of the output voltage of the DC bus to bridge this gap.…”

“…The published work on PV‐based charging systems covers system design, vehicle‐to‐grid (V2G) operations, power management, and electricity bill reduction in smart homes 15‐21 . Because all these methods involve a greater standard over a long duration, they cannot tolerate unexpected system perturbations such as rapid irradiance shifts.…”