“…Static TLSs are controlled by fixed cycle controllers, regardless of current traffic volumes. On the other hand, the operation of dynamic TLS controllers varies, based on the observed traffic volume [12]. In this scenario, we consider a predominant TLS model where TLSs have three phases: green "g", yellow "y", and red "r", whose durations are fixed to T g , T y , and T r for green, yellow, and red, respectively.…”