Optimization of the Antioxidant Activities of Mixtures of Melastomataceae Leaves Species (M. malabathricum Linn Smith, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) Using a Simplex Centroid Design and Their Anti-Collagenase and Elastase Properties

Abstract

In this study, a simplex-centroid mixture design (SCMD) approach was used to select the optimal proportions of three different Melastomataceae leaves species (M. malabathricum, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) extracts to determine the optimum antioxidant activities of total phenolic compound (TPC) and ABTS (2, 2′-azino-bis (ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)) radical-scavenging activities. Twelve experimental designs were set up, consisting of points that were equally weighted mixtures of 0 to 1 components, which were pure blends (1, 0, …, 0), binary blends (1/2, 1/2, 0, …, 0), tertiary blends (1/3, 1/3, 1/3, 0, …, 0), and a control point. The in vitro anti-elastase and collagenase activities were evaluated in order to determine the anti-aging efficacy of the optimized mixture extracts. A high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis was employed to identify the flavonoid content (rutin and quercetin) present in the optimized mixture extracts. The results showed that the best proportions of the optimum phenolic compounds and ABTS activity corresponded to 30%, 40%, and 30% of M. malabathricum, M. hirta, and M. decemfidum leaf extracts, respectively. The in vitro anti-collagenase and elastase activity evaluation of the optimized mixture extracts showed 70% inhibition against both elastase and collagenase enzymes. The HPLC analysis revealed two flavonoids (rutin and quercetin) at retention time 7.770 and 8.769 min, respectively, in the mixture extracts. This study suggests the potential exploitation of mixtures of Melastomataceae leaves (M. malabathricum, M. decemfidum, and M. hirta) as cosmetic ingredients for antioxidant and anti-wrinkles applications.

Optimization of cardamom (Amomum compactum) fruit extraction using the Box–Behnken design focused on polyphenol extraction with antioxidant activity

“…Coumarin compound and its derivatives, such as 4-methyl chromen-2-one, have antioxidant activity because a stable quinoid structure is formed when hydrogen is added (Yasameen et al, 2017). This result is in line with the research of Bubols et al (2013), which states that, in the presence of a benzopyrone ring, flavonoids and coumarins are known to be potential sources of exogenous antioxidants. Another study reported that polyphenols can protect cell constituents damaged by oxidative stress because these compounds serve as potent free radical scavengers (Zaha et al, 2018).…”

“…The ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) method for antioxidant activity determination was used on the basis of Benzie and Devaki (2017). Ten microliters of dried cardamom fruit extract and 300 μl of FRAP reagent were added to a 96well microplate (Costar, USA).…”

“…Optimization of extraction is important to the pharmaceutical field to obtain antioxidant compounds (e.g., polyphenol compounds) (Azahar et al, 2020). Dried cardamom fruit was extracted by maceration based on the combination of solvent ratio, ethanol concentration, and extraction time (Table 1) as independent variables.…”

“…Some secondary metabolites reported in cardamom are phenolic compounds and flavonoids, which are used as antioxidants. Phenolics as antioxidants play a role in increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes or inhibiting enzymes that indirectly induce prooxidant effects by attenuating reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (Ballard et al, 2018). In addition to phenolic compounds, cardamom plants contain flavonoid compounds.…”

Seasonal Chemical Evaluation of Miconia chamissois Naudin from Brazilian Savanna

“…(kaempferol) [ 53 ], Osmbeckia parvifolia , Arnbeckia parvifolia , Medinilla septentrionalis (W.W.Sm.) H.L.Li [ 54 ], Melastoma malabathricum L., and M. hirta [ 55 ].…”