Optimization of cardamom (Amomum compactum) fruit extraction using the Box–Behnken design focused on polyphenol extraction with antioxidant activity

Abstract

Cardamom, known by the scientific name Amomum compactum, is a plant from the Zingiberaceae family that contains various phytochemical compounds such as polyphenols and alkaloids, which have pharmacological treatment activity. Based on previous studies, cardamom fruit extraction has never been optimized to determine its bioactivity as an antioxidant. Therefore, this research aims to acquire extraction optimization conditions, including solvent ratio, ethanol concentration, and extraction time of the overall phenolic content, flavonoid, and antioxidant activity, using the Box-Behnken design. The experimental design was carried out using the Design Expert 13.0 application. The Folin-Ciocalteu method was used to analyze total phenolic content and the colorimetric method (AlCl 3 ) was used to analyze total flavonoid content and antioxidant activity using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power. In addition, gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) were used for the identification of phytochemical compounds. Extraction optimization conditions obtained a desirability value of 0.801 with a solvent ratio of 1:15 ml/g, 96% ethanol concentration, and extraction time of 1.676 days. Based on optimal extraction results, GC-MS identified 69 compounds (mostly terpenoids and polyphenolic compounds), whereas LC-MS/MS identified 20 compounds (mostly acid compounds). The extracts were verified and analyzed using the one-sample t-test and %residual standard error. These results indicated that the Box-Behnken design can optimize efficacious compound antioxidants from cardamom fruit.

Effect of Time Extraction Cardamom Seeds in Aquos Solvent on Physical, Total Phenol, and Flavonoid Properties

“…Cardamom seed contains secondary metabolites that are pharmacologically efficacious. Some secondary metabolites reported in cardamom are phenolic and flavonoids compounds, which are used as antioxidants (Juliana et al, 2022;Ballard et al, 2018). These compounds can be isolated from cardamom seeds by extraction.…”

“…These compounds can be isolated from cardamom seeds by extraction. Extraction is important in recovering phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which is influenced by several factors such as type of solvent (Qomaliyah et al, 2019) and extraction time (Soos et al, 2019;Juliana et al, 2022).…”

“…Cardamom (Amomum cardamomum) belongs to the Zingiberaceae family which is an aromatic spices plant native in Indonesia which is widely used and has health benefits because it contains various phytochemical compounds such as phenols, starch, tannins, terpenoids, flavonoids, proteins, and sterols, which are also known as perennial herbs (Moulai-Hacene et al, 2020;Juliana et al, 2022). Apart from that, cardamom is also an export commodity that is included in the 9 major groups of world spices which are usually bought and sold in the form of dried fruit or essential oil (Tambunan, 2017).…”

“…According to Juliana et al (2022), extraction is important in recovering phenolic and flavonoid compounds, which is influenced by several factors such as solvent ratio (Sajid et al, 2019), type of solvent (Qomaliyah et al, 2019), and extraction time (Soos et al, 2019). Extraction time is one of the most important parameters that influences the extraction of bioactive compounds in cardamom seeds.…”

D-Optimal Mixture Design in Sonication-Maceration Solvent Extraction of Total Phenolic and Antibacterial Activity from Acanthus ilicifolius Leaves

“…Nonetheless, the process is subject to various factors such as the choice of extraction solvents, the ratio of sample to solvent, the duration and method of extraction, as well as the physical and chemical characteristics of the sample matrix. [15][16][17] The existing research does not present a consensus regarding a singular, effective standard extraction procedure or the optimal extraction solvent. Multiple studies have found that solid-liquid extraction employing various solvents is the most efficient method, with solvents of higher polarity often exhibiting enhanced solubility of polyphenols in the extraction process.…”