Optimization of makerspace microfabrication techniques and materials for the realization of planar, 3D printed microelectrode arrays in under four days

Kundu, Atreyee; Nattoo, Crystal A.; Fremgen, Sarah; Springer, Sandra; Ausaf, Tariq; Rajaraman, Swaminathan

doi:10.1039/c8ra09116a

Cited by 20 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 40 publications

(54 reference statements)

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“…The use of "Makerspace Microfabrication" has been demonstrated previously by the authors to realize a 2D MEA up to a commercially popular 8 Â 8 array as stated earlier. 24 The present work differs from the earlier reported method on several fronts. First, we use different toolbox technologies present in the makerspace environment to realize microneedle electrodes in 3D instead of 2D electrodes as reported in our prior work.…”

Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

“…5 Recently, 3D printing of photopolymeric resins have been reported to realize MEAs having electrode densities up to a commercially popular 8 Â 8 array allowing for the MEAs to be "used and tossed" and moving the manufacturing from the cleanroom to makerspaces. 24 The use of makerspace techniques compares very favorably with traditional glass MEAs in terms of design to device while representing a dramatic reduction in cost, timeline for fabrication, reduction in the number of steps and the need for sophisticated microfabrication and packaging equipment along with the capability of monolithic microfabrication of the device and package for seamless integration with commercial data acquisition and amplication systems. 24 In this paper, the microfabrication and packaging of a stainless steel (SS) 3D MEA assembled on a glass substrate is reported.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 The use of makerspace techniques compares very favorably with traditional glass MEAs in terms of design to device while representing a dramatic reduction in cost, timeline for fabrication, reduction in the number of steps and the need for sophisticated microfabrication and packaging equipment along with the capability of monolithic microfabrication of the device and package for seamless integration with commercial data acquisition and amplication systems. 24 In this paper, the microfabrication and packaging of a stainless steel (SS) 3D MEA assembled on a glass substrate is reported. The device fabrication employs non-traditional "Makerspace Microfabrication" 11,24,25 techniques to realize the device predominantly outside the cleanroom.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…24 In this paper, the microfabrication and packaging of a stainless steel (SS) 3D MEA assembled on a glass substrate is reported. The device fabrication employs non-traditional "Makerspace Microfabrication" 11,24,25 techniques to realize the device predominantly outside the cleanroom. The use of "Makerspace Microfabrication" has been demonstrated previously by the authors to realize a 2D MEA up to a commercially popular 8 Â 8 array as stated earlier.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Makerspace microfabrication of a stainless steel 3D microneedle electrode array (3D MEA) on a glass substrate for simultaneous optical and electrical probing of electrogenic cells

et al. 2020

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Section: Introductioncontrasting

confidence: 65%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Makerspace microfabrication of a stainless steel 3D microneedle electrode array (3D MEA) on a glass substrate for simultaneous optical and electrical probing of electrogenic cells

et al. 2020

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“…Typically to this end, nanomaterial electroplating or electroless plating has been one highly used method for increasing the surface area of microelectrodes, in order to help better extract biologically relevant data 43 . The micro-texturing inherent in 3D printing could aid in impedance reduction for these interfaces.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines and integrated 3D electrodes for stretchable and conformable biosensor applications

2020

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We explore the capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines (µserpentines) and utilize these structures to develop dynamic 3D microelectrodes for potential applications in in vitro, wearable, and implantable microelectrode arrays (MEAs). The device incorporates optimized 3D printed µserpentine designs with out-of-plane microelectrode structures, integrated on to a flexible Kapton® package with micromolded PDMS insulation. The flexibility of the optimized, printed µserpentine design was calculated through effective stiffness and effective strain equations, so as to allow for analysis of various designs for enhanced flexibility. The optimized, down selected µserpentine design was further sputter coated with 7-70 nm-thick gold and the performance of these coatings was studied for maintenance of conductivity during uniaxial strain application. Bending/conforming analysis of the final devices (3D MEAs with a Kapton® package and PDMS insulation) were performed to qualitatively assess the robustness of the finished device toward dynamic MEA applications. 3D microelectrode impedance measurements varied from 4.2 to 5.2 kΩ during the bending process demonstrating a small change and an example application with artificial agarose skin composite model to assess feasibility for basic transdermal electrical recording was further demonstrated.

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Nano‐ and Microscale Optical and Electrical Biointerfaces and Their Relevance to Energy Research

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Yang

Shi

et al. 2021

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attributes of both biotic and abiotic materials for unprecedented opportunities in life and energy sciences. [10] Recent developments in micro-and nano-technology have yielded biointerfaces on multiple length scales, ranging from the nanoscale subcellular level to the macroscale level of epidermal electronics. Freestanding nanostructures and nanoscale devices allow cellular and subcellular biointerfaces, while macroscale devices enable the formation of biointerfaces with tissues and organs. Furthermore, a range of nano-and micro-fabrication methods for 3D structures has been developed, including 3D printing, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] colloidal selfassembly, [19,20] controlled folding, [21][22][23] and templated growth. [24][25][26] Early progress in bioelectronics enabled integrating electronic elements with cellular scaffolds for monitoring and control of tissue functions and activities in a 2D configuration. However, biological tissues inherently adopt a complex 3D architecture, in which cells inhabit a complex microenvironment comprising extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells. 3D materials with defined geometries, compatible mechanical properties, and integrated electronic components represent an ideal scaffold for monitoring and regulating cell behaviors in the 3D microenvironment. Indeed, 3D biointerfaces are now advancing our understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cancer. [1,27,28] They are also creating new opportunities in the fields of tissue engineering and biomedicine, where 3D constructs grown in vitro or ex vivo can then be transplanted into the human body for organ repair. [29] In this review, we summarize recent progress in nano-and microscale optical and electrical biointerfaces, where nanostructured materials and microfabricated systems are used to interface with biological systems. Based on the fundamental science inherent to the device/material biointerface, we first discuss the connection between energy science and bioelectronics. Then, we give an overview of bioelectronics tools for biointerfaces. Further, we focus on representative biointerfaces, including neural, cardiac, and microbial biointerfaces. Finally, we discuss future opportunities for nano-and microscale bioelectronics. The Connection between Biointerfaces and Energy SciencesBiological systems communicate with and respond to the external world via different cues, such as electrical, chemical, Different research fields in energy sciences, such as photovoltaics for solar energy conversion, supercapacitors for energy storage, electrocatalysis for clean energy conversion technologies, and materials-bacterial hybrid for CO 2 fixation have been under intense investigations over the past decade. In recent years, new platforms for biointerface designs have emerged from the energy conversion and storage principles. This paper reviews recent advances in nano-and microscale materials/devices for optical and electrical biointerfaces. First, a connection is drawn between biointerfaces and energy science, and how these t...

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Optimization of makerspace microfabrication techniques and materials for the realization of planar, 3D printed microelectrode arrays in under four days

Abstract: “Makerspace microfabrication” with the use of simple tools and materials is used to demonstrate the realization of 2D microelectrode arrays (MEAs) having a density of up to 8 × 8 MEAs in under four days which are comparable to conventional MEAs.

Cited by 20 publications

References 40 publications

Makerspace microfabrication of a stainless steel 3D microneedle electrode array (3D MEA) on a glass substrate for simultaneous optical and electrical probing of electrogenic cells

Makerspace microfabrication of a stainless steel 3D microneedle electrode array (3D MEA) on a glass substrate for simultaneous optical and electrical probing of electrogenic cells

Capabilities and limitations of 3D printed microserpentines and integrated 3D electrodes for stretchable and conformable biosensor applications

Nano‐ and Microscale Optical and Electrical Biointerfaces and Their Relevance to Energy Research

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