Nano‐ and Microscale Optical and Electrical Biointerfaces and Their Relevance to Energy Research

Abstract

attributes of both biotic and abiotic materials for unprecedented opportunities in life and energy sciences. [10] Recent developments in micro-and nano-technology have yielded biointerfaces on multiple length scales, ranging from the nanoscale subcellular level to the macroscale level of epidermal electronics. Freestanding nanostructures and nanoscale devices allow cellular and subcellular biointerfaces, while macroscale devices enable the formation of biointerfaces with tissues and organs. Furthermore, a range of nano-and micro-fabrication methods for 3D structures has been developed, including 3D printing, [12][13][14][15][16][17][18] colloidal selfassembly, [19,20] controlled folding, [21][22][23] and templated growth. [24][25][26] Early progress in bioelectronics enabled integrating electronic elements with cellular scaffolds for monitoring and control of tissue functions and activities in a 2D configuration. However, biological tissues inherently adopt a complex 3D architecture, in which cells inhabit a complex microenvironment comprising extracellular matrix (ECM) and neighboring cells. 3D materials with defined geometries, compatible mechanical properties, and integrated electronic components represent an ideal scaffold for monitoring and regulating cell behaviors in the 3D microenvironment. Indeed, 3D biointerfaces are now advancing our understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cancer. [1,27,28] They are also creating new opportunities in the fields of tissue engineering and biomedicine, where 3D constructs grown in vitro or ex vivo can then be transplanted into the human body for organ repair. [29] In this review, we summarize recent progress in nano-and microscale optical and electrical biointerfaces, where nanostructured materials and microfabricated systems are used to interface with biological systems. Based on the fundamental science inherent to the device/material biointerface, we first discuss the connection between energy science and bioelectronics. Then, we give an overview of bioelectronics tools for biointerfaces. Further, we focus on representative biointerfaces, including neural, cardiac, and microbial biointerfaces. Finally, we discuss future opportunities for nano-and microscale bioelectronics. The Connection between Biointerfaces and Energy SciencesBiological systems communicate with and respond to the external world via different cues, such as electrical, chemical, Different research fields in energy sciences, such as photovoltaics for solar energy conversion, supercapacitors for energy storage, electrocatalysis for clean energy conversion technologies, and materials-bacterial hybrid for CO 2 fixation have been under intense investigations over the past decade. In recent years, new platforms for biointerface designs have emerged from the energy conversion and storage principles. This paper reviews recent advances in nano-and microscale materials/devices for optical and electrical biointerfaces. First, a connection is drawn between biointerfaces and energy science, and how these t...

Exploration of 2D and 2.5D Conformational Designs Applied on Epoxide/Collagen-Based Integrative Biointerfaces with Device/Tissue Heterogeneous Affinity

“…Biointerfaces are intermediaries that facilitate the combinations and connections between inanimate constructs and animate organisms, which are committed to create the buffer and transition regions between biotic tissues and abiotic devices. , Nowadays, benefiting from progressing material sciences with interdisciplinary approaches, biointerfaces are making impressive breakthroughs that are now available to the interactions and communications of devices to tissues, such as optical and electrical energy conversion, heterogeneous biological delivery, and dynamic infection resistance. − The technologies are advancing, but the dazzling novel functions of biointerfaces would always require steady and reliable foundations, which should have not only convincing durability and biological security but also sufficient adhesion to both tissues and devices. , Current strategies tend to fabricate multiple-layer composite biointerfaces, which contain specialized adhesive layers or solid precipitation layers such as dopamine and hydroxyapatite, to assist immobilized functional layers. , The layering design could be a convenient way to effectively integrate functions, but common biomaterials like proteins and polysaccharides might be weakened and lose interlayer connections during the loops of immersing, depositing, and drying due to swelling or dissolving natures and different charge properties. All these concerns lead to the inspiration to develop integrative biointerfaces that are expected to achieve biocompatibility, bioactivity, biodurability, and heterogeneous affinity to both tissues and devices within one integrative layer.…”

Uniform Gold Nanostructure Formation via Weakly Adsorbed Gold Films and Thermal Annealing for Reliable Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance‐Based Detection of DNase‐I

“…[15][16][17] Various metallic nanoparticles including nanostars, nanoflowers, and nanorods have been widely used for the development of LSPR sensors. [18][19][20] However, the sharp edges and the uncontrollable alignment of these nanoparticles result in charge imbalance and accumulation, which causes high variations in LSPR signal intensities. [21,22] Therefore, spherical nanoparticles with even charge distributions represent a promising alternative for achieving stable and reproducible LSPR signals.…”

RuO2 Supercapacitor Enables Flexible, Safe, and Efficient Optoelectronic Neural Interface

“…[ 8 ] This phenomenon can be fundamentally used for photostimulation of neurons by organic neural interfaces. [ 9 ] Among pseudocapacitive materials (e.g., PEDOT:PSS [ 10 ] ), RuO 2 is one of the most studied supercapacitor materials as it has the highest specific capacitance (≈1000 F g –1 ). [ 11 ] Although different ruthenium complexes (e.g., Ru 2+ /Ru 3+ ) have been previously used as anticancer agents, [ 12 ] supercapacitor RuO 2 has attracted little attention for biomedicine [ 13 ] and bioelectronics, [ 14 ] and has not been explored for organic optoelectronic neural interfaces yet.…”