Optimization of fruit tissue sampling method to quantify calcium, magnesium and potassium contents to predict bitter pit in apples

Amarante, Cassandro Vidal Talamini do; Miqueloto, Aquidauana; Steffens, Cristiano André; Maciel, Theóphilo Moura; Denardi, V.; Argenta, Luiz Carlos; Freitas, Sérgio Tonetto de

doi:10.17660/actahortic.2018.1194.71

Cited by 6 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…There is a vast amount of evidence that the relationship between Ca and other minerals are also involved in the development of BP. Our study was not the exception, and found the same mineral ratio trends reported in previous studies back in the 1960 s [7], or as new as Do Amarante et al [29]. Both studies suggest there is a cationic competition that can be given by the favored absorption of N, K, and Mg relative to Ca or by its translocation and uptake into the fruit (Figures 2 and 3).…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Nutritional Relationships in Bitter Pit-Affected Fruit and the Feasibility of Vis-NIR Models to Determine Calcium Concentration in ‘Fuji’ Apples

et al. 2020

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‘Fuji’ is among the most cultivated apples worldwide but affected by the disorder bitter pit (BP). Calcium deficiency plays an important role on fruit susceptibility to BP. The objectives of this study were to determine nutritional relationships in BP-affected fruit and to verify if Vis-NIR models can predict Ca concentration in ‘Fuji’ apples. Fruit was harvested during 2018 season from two different orchards with historical high BP incidence. Seven hundred and fifty apples were stored at 0 °C for 150 days plus 10 days at 20 °C for BP assessments. After storage, 20 fruit with BP symptoms (BP+) and 20 healthy fruit (BP−) were assessed individually for mineral concentration. Vis-NIR evaluation involved a spectra range from 285 to 1200 nm to predict Ca concentration from ‘Fuji’ powder enriched Ca solutions. In each orchard, healthy apples had significantly higher Ca concentration than apples with BP. The K/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios were significantly lower in healthy fruit compared with BP− affected fruit. The relationship B/Ca proved to be significant in BP fruit. Although Ca interaction with organic substances and/or cellular structures could influence NIR spectra in fresh fruit, our results showed that Vis-NIR models could not be used to direct prediction of fruit Ca concentration.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 90%

Nutritional Relationships in Bitter Pit-Affected Fruit and the Feasibility of Vis-NIR Models to Determine Calcium Concentration in ‘Fuji’ Apples

et al. 2020

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“…Producers have traditionally attempted to mitigate the expression of BP symptoms through the foliar application of calcium, with variable success. Many studies carried out in ‘Honeycrisp’ and other apple varieties such as ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Fuji’ and ‘Braeburn’ contributed to the development of strategies to reduce bitter pit incidence [ 10 , 13 ] and models or methods to predict bitter pit before harvest [ 12 , 14 , 15 , 16 ]. Most are related to the mineral nutrition and bitter pit incidence relationship.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

‘Honeycrisp’ Bitter Pit Response to Rootstock and Region under Eastern New York Climatic Conditions

Donahue

Reig²,

Elone

et al. 2021

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There are still unknown factors at play in the causation of bitter pit in ‘Honeycrisp’ as well as in other apple varieties. To investigate some of these factors, we conducted a survey of 34 ‘Honeycrisp’ orchard blocks distributed across two disparate production regions in eastern New York State, representing a variety of rootstocks, over three growing seasons. Weather, soil, horticultural traits, fruit quality traits, pick timing, leaf and peel minerals were evaluated for their impact on bitter pit (BP) incidence; factors were further evaluated for their interaction with region and rootstock. ‘Honeycrisp’ trees on B.9 rootstock were smaller but with comparable terminal shoot growth when compared to those on M.26 and M.9 rootstocks. B.9 fruits, which had similar fruit size to M.26 and M.9 and had good fruit quality at harvest and after storage, were much less likely to express bitter pit symptoms compared to M.9 and M.26 rootstocks. Not all traits evaluated individually correlated significatively with bitter pit incidence after a period in storage. Depending on rootstock and region, the correlation could be significant in one situation, with no correlation at all in another. In this study, peel Mg/Ca ratio and peel Ca correlated with BP for all three rootstocks, with the strongest correlations associated with the M.9 clones. These same traits correlated with BP for both regions. Pick timing had a significant influence on BP incidence following storage, with later picks offering better bitter pit storage performance. While excessively large fruits, those in the 48 and 56 count size categories, were found to be highly susceptible to BP regardless of rootstock, B.9 BP fruit susceptibility for smaller sizes was found to be size neutral. A PLSR prediction model for each rootstock and each region showed that different variables correlated to BP depending on the situation. Thus, the results could suggest that in addition to the variables considered in this study, there are other less studied factors that can influence the expression of BP symptoms. We strongly suggest that rootstock BP performance be considered a critical parameter when planning a commercial ‘Honeycrisp’ orchard and be evaluated in rootstock breeding and development programs prior to wide commercial release.

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“…Bitter pit in apple has been broadly associated with Ca deficiency and elevated K and/or Mg [31,63,66,69,70,73]. Some researchers have suggested that nutritional ratios, such as N:Ca, Mg:Ca, K:Ca, (Mg + K):Ca [31,33,66,69,70,78] may be better correlated to bitter pit than Ca concentrations alone. Fazio et al [70] demonstrated the role of K concentration and the ratio of K:Ca in leaves and fruit as predictors of bitter pit in 'Honeycrisp'.…”

Section: The Effect Of Rootstock and The Role Of Mineral Nutrition On...mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Amarante et al [31] found relationships between Mg:Ca and bitter pit only in the peel of 'Fuji' apples and only in the flesh of 'Catarina' apples, suggesting that the reliability of using nutrition to predict bitter pit among cultivars may depend on the tissue type used for the analysis. A common nutrient sampling approach for bitter pit studies is to sample the distal, or calyx-end of the fruit [33,50] as it is usually the portion of the fruit that is most impacted by the disorder [78]. Sallato et al [46] found that peel, rather than flesh nutrition, was most associated with GS in 'WA 38'; in the current study, we sampled peel at the pedicel-end hemisphere of apples as it is the portion of the fruit where GS symptoms most commonly appear.…”

Section: The Effect Of Rootstock and The Role Of Mineral Nutrition On...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations of Multiple Approaches to Reduce Green Spot Incidence in ‘WA 38’ Apple

et al. 2022

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A pre-harvest apple (Malus × domestica Borkh.) disorder named “green spot” (GS) was recently identified on ‘WA 38’ apples. Previous work indicated a tentative association between GS and fruit mineral imbalance, and an influence of rootstock selection on GS frequency; however, the specific causes, risk factors, and mitigation steps have not been explored. In this study, the role of microclimate, modified using netting or fruit bagging, on GS incidence in ‘WA 38’ apples over two years on two different dwarfing rootstocks, ‘Geneva 41’ (‘G.41’) and ‘Malling 9-Nic29’ (‘M.9’), was investigated. Early season fruit bagging reduced GS appearance, but netting showed mixed results between year and rootstock. Rootstock selection influenced GS incidence, especially in the 2021 season. Fruit mineral analyses highlighted some differences of mineral composition between symptomatic and asymptomatic apples, which helped to corroborate earlier reports; however, within the full context of these results, it is not clear that nutrient imbalance directly influences disorder incidence. Further work to understand the mechanisms behind GS emergence should consider environmental factors, including light, humidity, and wind, as well as anatomical features of ‘WA 38’ fruit, such as lenticel morphology and physiology.

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Optimization of fruit tissue sampling method to quantify calcium, magnesium and potassium contents to predict bitter pit in apples

Cited by 6 publications

References 19 publications

Nutritional Relationships in Bitter Pit-Affected Fruit and the Feasibility of Vis-NIR Models to Determine Calcium Concentration in ‘Fuji’ Apples

Nutritional Relationships in Bitter Pit-Affected Fruit and the Feasibility of Vis-NIR Models to Determine Calcium Concentration in ‘Fuji’ Apples

‘Honeycrisp’ Bitter Pit Response to Rootstock and Region under Eastern New York Climatic Conditions

Investigations of Multiple Approaches to Reduce Green Spot Incidence in ‘WA 38’ Apple

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