Nutritional Relationships in Bitter Pit-Affected Fruit and the Feasibility of Vis-NIR Models to Determine Calcium Concentration in ‘Fuji’ Apples

Bonomelli, Claudia; Mogollón, René; Freitas, Sérgio Tonetto de; Zóffoli, Juan Pablo; Contreras, Carolina

doi:10.3390/agronomy10101476

Cited by 13 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 46 publications

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“…Some authors indicate that Ca concentration and firmness in sweet cherries are positively related [ 58 , 59 , 60 ] and physiological disorders, such as bitter pit in apples, have been directly associated with N:Ca, K:Ca, and Mg:Ca ratios [ 61 , 62 ]. Low Ca concentration (7.7 mg 100 g −1 ) was associated with low fruit firmness in ‘Santina’ sweet cherry grown under plastic covers [ 63 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Mineral Composition and Quality of Fruit Using Vascular Restrictions in Branches of Sweet Cherry

Quiróz

Blanco

Zóffoli

et al. 2023

Plants

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Calcium (Ca) and carbohydrate (CHO) supply in sweet cherry have been associated with fruit quality at harvest and during storage. There is little published information integrating CHO and Ca availability and distribution in sweet cherry and their effects on fruit quality. Accordingly, in the 2019–20 season, vascular restrictions were imposed on the phloem (girdling, G, stopping phloem flow) and xylem (transverse incision, S, cutting 50% of xylem cross–section area) of individual vertical branches of the sweet cherry combination ‘Lapins’/Colt trained as Kym Green Bush system to modify mineral and CHO composition in fruit and associate such changes with quality at harvest and storage. The girdling to the phloem was used to induce changes in CHO distribution. The transverse incision to the xylem was a tool to modify Ca distribution. Five treatments (TR) were implemented: TR1–CTL = Control (without vascular restriction), TR2–G, at its base, TR3–G + G: at its base, and G further up at the change of year between the second and the third years of growth TR4––S and TR5–S + G. The vegetative (i.e., shoot and leaf growth), reproductive (i.e., fruit set and yield) development and stomatal conductance were monitored. Each branch was divided into the upper (1–and 2–year–old wood) and the lower (3–and 4–year–old wood) segments of the restriction applied. The quality and mineral composition (Ca, Mg, K, and N) of fruit borne on each segment were measured at harvest. The upper segment of TR3–G + G branches were harvested 10 d before the lower segment. The fruit from the upper segment of TR3–G + G was the largest, the sweetest, and had the higher titratable acidity concentration. However, fruits of this segment were the softest, had the lowest Ca concentrations, and had the highest ratios of N:Ca and K:Ca, compared with the other TRs. TR3–G + G branches developed the highest number of lateral current season shoots including shoots below the second girdling in the lower segment of the branch. This vegetative flow of growth would explain the mineral unbalance produced in the fruit from the upper segment of the branch. TR2–G did not register changes in fruit quality and mineral concentration compared with TR1–CTL. Surprisingly, the fruit from the branches with xylem restriction did not show changes in Ca concentration, suggesting that the xylem stream was enough to supply the fruit in branches without lateral shoot development. Fruit firmness was positively related to fruit Ca concentration and negatively related to the ratios of K:Ca and N:Ca.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Study of Mineral Composition and Quality of Fruit Using Vascular Restrictions in Branches of Sweet Cherry

Quiróz

Blanco

Zóffoli

et al. 2023

Plants

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“…The “Fuji” variety is one of the most common types of planted apples in the world, but it is susceptible to bitter pit ( Bonomelli et al, 2020 ). A bitter pit can occur during both the fruit ripening and storage stages ( Ferguson and Watkins, 1989 ), but we chose to study the fruit with a bitter pit in the ripening period.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Accumulation of Abnormal Amyloplasts in Pulp Cells Induces Bitter Pit in Malus domestica

Qiu

Wang

et al. 2021

Front. Plant Sci.

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Apple bitter pit primarily occurs during fruit ripening and storage; however, its formation mechanism remains unclear. Although it is considered that Ca2+ deficiency causes metabolic disorders in apples, there have been few studies on the mechanism of the bitter pit from the perspective of cell structure. At the fruit ripening stage, the fruit with a bitter pit on the tree was taken as the research material. In this study, the microscopic observation revealed numerous amyloplasts in the pulp cells of apples affected with bitter pit, but not in the healthy pulp. Furthermore, the results of fluorescence staining and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the bitter pit pulp cells undergo programmed cell death (PCD), their nuclear chromosomes condense, and amyloplast forms autophagy. The cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in the healthy fruits was lowest near the peduncle, followed by that in the calyx, whereas it was highest at the equator. In contrast, the cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration in apple fruits showing bitter pit disorder was lowest near the peduncle and highest in the calyx. Moreover, the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration in the flesh cells of apples with the bitter pit was much lower than that in the healthy apple flesh cells; however, the concentration of Ca2+ in the vacuoles of fruits with the bitter pit was higher than that in the vacuoles of healthy fruits. In summary, bitter pit pulp cells contain a large number of amyloplasts, which disrupts the distribution of Ca2+ in the pulp cells and causes PCD. These two processes lead to an imbalance in cell metabolism and induce the formation of a bitter pit.

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“…Then, the tissues were converted to ash by dry combustion at 500 °C, and ashes were dissolved in acid solution (HCl 2 mol L −1 ). The concentrations were determined with an ICP-Optical Emission Spectroscopy model 5110, Agilent Technologies, Victoria, Australia [ 37 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Three Boron Concentrations in Soil on Growth and Physiology in Sweet Cherry Trees

Arredondo

Bonomelli

2023

Plants

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Boron (B) is an essential element for plants. B availability depends on the physical and chemical characteristics of the soil and the quality of irrigation water. Under natural conditions, both toxic and deficit concentrations can occur and should be managed for crop production. However, the range between deficiency and toxicity is narrow. The objective of this study was to determine the response of cherry trees to deficient (0.04 mg kg−1), adequate (1.1 mg kg−1), and toxic (3.75 mg kg−1) B concentrations in the soil by measuring growth, biomass, photosynthetic parameters, visual symptoms, and morphological changes. Plants treated with a toxic dose had more spurs and shorter internodes than those treated with adequate and deficient doses. The white root weight (50.5 g) at low B concentrations had the most roots compared with the adequate (33.0 g) and toxic (22.0 g) concentrations. The stem weight and biomass partitioning were higher for white roots and stems at B-deficient and -adequate doses than at toxic doses. The net photosynthesis (Pn) and transpiration rate (E) were significantly higher in plants with adequate concentrations of B. Stomatal conductance (Gs) was higher in B-deficient plants. Morphological and visual differences were observed between treatments. The results showed that it is essential to adequately manage B in cherry crops to avoid the adverse effects of both low and toxic concentrations.

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Nutritional Relationships in Bitter Pit-Affected Fruit and the Feasibility of Vis-NIR Models to Determine Calcium Concentration in ‘Fuji’ Apples

Cited by 13 publications

References 46 publications

Study of Mineral Composition and Quality of Fruit Using Vascular Restrictions in Branches of Sweet Cherry

Study of Mineral Composition and Quality of Fruit Using Vascular Restrictions in Branches of Sweet Cherry

Accumulation of Abnormal Amyloplasts in Pulp Cells Induces Bitter Pit in Malus domestica

Effect of Three Boron Concentrations in Soil on Growth and Physiology in Sweet Cherry Trees

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