Optimization of Electrochemical Presodiation Parameters of Na‐Ion Full Cells for Stable Solid–Electrolyte Interface Formation: Hard Carbon Rods from Waste Firefighter Suits

Abstract

Utilizing the synthetic waste of firefighter costumes, rod‐shaped hard carbon materials are effectively produced for the first time with over 99% purity, and their structural properties are evaluated using the appropriate spectroscopic techniques. The galvanostatic cycling tests are performed at different temperatures and the result shows that the capacity and capacity fade values are directly affected by the temperature. The high‐rate consumption of sodium ions during the evolution of the solid–electrolyte interface in the first cycle of the cells is observed and the highest capacity of the half cells is obtained as 410 and 233 mAh g−1 for the first and second cycles, respectively. To compensate for the sodium‐ion loss, an electrochemical treatment presodiation technique is implemented, which is an effective means of compensating for the initial inefficiency. The optimum presodiation condition of electrochemical treatment of anode electrode for the production of Na0.67Mn0.5Fe0.45Ti0.07O2/presodiated hard carbon full cells is investigated. The highest capacity values for C/10 are obtained at 114.9 mAh g−1 for the full cells using the voltage window of 2–4 V. The cost analysis of the battery pack for 90 kW electric‐powered cars is calculated by the BatPaC software and the results are evaluated for possible commercialization.

High-Performance Ag-Doped Na0.67MnO2 Cathode: Operando XRD Study and Full-Cell Performance Analysis with Presodiated Anode

“…We performed an electrochemical presodiation process for three cycles on the hard carbon–separator–Na metal configuration inside the glovebox. The details of the presodiation procedure can be found in our previous study . After the presodiation process, the anode was used immediately for the full-cell assembly.…”

“…Analysis of surface morphology and elemental mapping was obtained by a Thermo Fisher Scientific Apreo scanning electron microscope combined with an energy-dispersive X-ray (EDS) unit (Thermo Scientific Ultra Dry Detector). The XPS analysis was carried out using a Thermo Scientific K-Alpha system, employing a monochromatic Al-Kα source at EMUM-Izmir-Turkey (details can be found in ref 25). A time-resolved X-ray diffraction (TR-XRD) instrument was used for in situ XRD measurements.…”

“…The details of the presodiation procedure can be found in our previous study. 25 After the presodiation process, the anode was used immediately for the full-cell assembly.…”

“…The details of this method can be found in our previous study. 25 The capacity of the full-cells can reach that of the half-cells with the electrochemical presodiation process. 26 In this research, we synthesized Na 0.67 MnO 2 (NMO) compounds with a minor Ag substitution (termed NMO-Ag) and explored their structural and electrochemical characteristics through a range of methods, including X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoemission spectroscopy (XPS), Raman spectroscopy, and in situ XRD, among others.…”

“…The most common method for the production of an artificial SEI on the anode is the electrochemical technique. The details of this method can be found in our previous study . The capacity of the full-cells can reach that of the half-cells with the electrochemical presodiation process …”