High-Performance Ag-Doped Na_0.67MnO₂ Cathode: Operando XRD Study and Full-Cell Performance Analysis with Presodiated Anode

Abstract

The key challenges of Na-ion batteries are to design structurally stable electrodes and reach high-enough capacities with full-cells. In this study, we report the positive effects of Ag substitution/addition to Na0.67MnO2. We determined that some of the intended Ag was incorporated into the structure, while the rest remained in metallic form. Ag substitution/addition increases the capacity (208 mA h/g at C/3 rate) and improves the cycle life of Na0.67MnO2 (42% capacity fade with 100 cycles) in half-cells. We attribute these results to an enlarged interlayer spacing due to the large ionic radius of Ag, a suppressed Jahn–Teller effect due to the reduced number of Mn3+ ions, and an increased electrical conductivity due to the presence of metallic Ag. We also produced full-cells with an electrochemically presodiated hard carbon anode. We reached a very high initial capacity of 190 mA h/g at the C/3 rate, showing that Ag substituted/added Na0.67MnO2 is a promising candidate for commercialization of Na-ion batteries.