Recent Progress in Hard Carbon Anodes for Sodium‐Ion Batteries

Wang, Jiarui; Xi, Lei; Peng, Chenxi; Song, Xin; Wan, Xuanhong; Sun, Luyi; Liu, Meinan; Liu, Jun

doi:10.1002/adem.202302063

Cited by 9 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 164 publications

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“…Additionally, the phenolic resins derived from these precursors can be modified further to enhance the Na storage performance of HC. 62 Table 1 thoroughly compares the physicochemical properties as well as the advantages/disadvantages of these precursors.…”

Section: Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Utilization of these precursors allows the optimization of the degree of cross-linking, which potentially influences the HC structure. Additionally, the phenolic resins derived from these precursors can be modified further to enhance the Na storage performance of HC Table thoroughly compares the physicochemical properties as well as the advantages/disadvantages of these precursors.…”

Section: Synthesis Of Hard Carbon From Phenolic Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It has been verified that the existence of defects in HCs can enhance the adsorption of Na + , which takes place at the high-voltage sloping region of the discharge–charge curves. Considering the active sites discussed above, four models have been proposed to help describe the Na storage mechanism in HC, as shown in Figure . − (i) The “insertion-filling” mechanism proposes the incorporation of Na + into the carbon layers that are arranged in parallel along the sloping region, as well as filling the nanopores in the plateau region. (ii) The “adsorption-filling” mechanism describes the adsorption of Na + on the defects sites in the sloping region while filling the nanopores in the plateau region.…”

Section: Sodium Storage Mechanism In Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To draw the attention of potential readers to phenolic resins, the discussion on other forms of resin-derived HC (e.g., acrylic resins, epoxy resins) for SIB applications has been avoided. , The key highlight of this Review is to unlock the effects of pyrolysis parameters on the electrochemical performance of HC; therefore, resin preparation strategies have been intentionally overlooked. A thorough understanding of the Na storage mechanism in HC is not the primary focus of this Review; therefore, the readers are referred to other published review articles. ,− This Review provides an overview of the current global HC production scenario and highlights directions for future research efforts.…”

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confidence: 99%

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Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Dey,

Worfolk,

Lower

et al. 2024

ACS Energy Lett.

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Sodium-ion batteries are complementary to lithium-ion batteries for grid-scale energy storage applications due to lower cost, safety, and potential for sustainable supply chains. The past decade has witnessed enormous research efforts in developing hard carbon anode materials for sodium-ion batteries. Phenolic resins have received significant attention as hard carbon precursors due to their high carbon yield, highly cross-linked structure, low cost, mature technology, and excellent electrochemical performance of corresponding hard carbon anode. This Review exclusively highlights the state-of-the-art preparation of hard carbon from phenolic resins, and the electrochemical performance in sodium-ion batteries. Cross-linked resins are prepared from three phenolic monomers (phenol, resorcinol, and phloroglucinol) to produce hard carbon. The effects of carbonization temperature on the microstructure, and electrochemical properties of hard carbon have been summarized here. Hard carbon formation, and sodium storage mechanisms have been briefly outlined. Finally, this Review provides an industrial perspective on hard carbon production at scale.

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Section: Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Synthesis Of Hard Carbon From Phenolic Resinsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Sodium Storage Mechanism In Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Phenolic Resin Derived Hard Carbon Anode for Sodium-Ion Batteries: A Review

Dey,

Worfolk,

Lower

et al. 2024

ACS Energy Lett.

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“…Lithium-ion batteries, sodium-ion batteries, and supercapacitors are examples of energy storage technologies. Among these, sodium-ion batteries have garnered significant interest due to the abundance of sodium in the earth’s reserves. − And as an essential component of sodium-ion batteries, research is being conducted on the use of hard carbon as an anode material. − Renewable materials are considered the primary choice for preparing high-performance hard carbon, with cellulose, biowaste, and bamboo all being used to prepare hard carbons, and gained a high initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) and reversible capacity. However, biomass materials vary tremendously in precursor status due to origin and seasonality.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Preparation of Enriched Closed-Pores Hard Carbon for High-Performance Sodium-Ion Batteries by the Poly(vinyl butyral) Template Method

Cheng,

Xie,

et al. 2024

ACS Appl. Energy Mater.

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Closed pores play an essential role in improving the performance of sodium-ion batteries. Various strategies have been proposed to increase the closed-pore ratio, but most of them face challenges related to cost and waste disposal. Here, we chose furfural as the resin precursor to synthesize the raw material and prepare enriched closed-pore hard carbon using poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB) as the in situ pore-forming agent. At 450 °C, the decomposition of PVB within furfural resins leads to the formation of numerous micropores, which sets the stage for the creation of hard carbon with closed pores. The optimal hard carbon sample exhibits a low specific surface area (N2) of 10.54 m2 g–1 and a high volume of closed pores (0.090 cm3 g–1). The optimal pore structure of the hard carbon resulted in a high reversible sodium storage capacity of 367 mAh g–1 and an initial Coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 88.5% at 30 mA g–1. Furthermore, the use of PVB as a pore-forming agent is minimal and the decomposition products are environmentally friendly. This is a practical guide for producing high-performance hard carbon.

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