Optimised TSO–DSO interaction in unbalanced networks through frequency‐responsive EV clusters in virtual power plants

Gorostiza, Francisco Sanchez; González-Longatt, Francisco

doi:10.1049/iet-gtd.2019.1947

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 44 publications

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“…Depending on the distribution network configuration and the RES-DG site, this imbalance may also cause voltage instability [112]. While voltage can be easily controlled at any level within the integrated grid using transformer tap changers and compensators, frequency stability using secondary controls for fast frequency regulation may be difficult to implement considering the several components involved [113]. The importance of transient stability cannot be overemphasized under power system protection.…”

Section: Integrated Grid Security Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security Impacts Assessment of Active Distribution Network on the Modern Grid Operation—A Review

et al. 2021

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The future grid will include a high penetration of distributed generation, which will have an impact on its security. This paper discusses the latest trends, components, tools, and frameworks aimed at 100% renewable energy generation for the emerging grid. The technical and economic impacts of renewable energy sources (RES)-based distributed generation (DG) on the emerging grid security are also discussed. Moreover, the latest approaches and techniques for allocating RES-DG into the distribution networks using specific performance indices based on recent literature were reviewed. Most of the methods in recent literature are based on metaheuristic optimization algorithms that can optimally allocate the RES-DGs based on the identified network variables. However, there is a need to extend these methods in terms of parameters considered, objectives, and possible ancillary support to the upstream network. The limitations of existing methods in recent literature aimed at ensuring the security of the integrated transmission-active distribution network under high RES-DG penetration were identified. Lastly, the existing coordination methods for voltage and frequency control at the transmission and active distribution system interface were also investigated. Relevant future research areas with a focus on ensuring the security of the emerging grid with high RES-DG penetration into the distribution networks are also recommended.

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Section: Integrated Grid Security Assessmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Security Impacts Assessment of Active Distribution Network on the Modern Grid Operation—A Review

et al. 2021

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“…Considering the total transfer impedance (Z T ), as defined in (13), is used to specify the angle of the δ 7 and δ 6 . δ 6 = Ang R 6 = 120 • (see Section 4.2).…”

Section: Out-of-step Tripping Time Delaymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Large power system disturbances can lead to loss of synchronism among interconnected power systems [13]. If such a loss of synchronism occurs, it is imperative that the system areas operating asynchronously separate immediately to avoid wide-area blackouts and equipment damage [14].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Setting and Testing of the Out-of-Step Protection at Mongolian Transmission System

González-Longatt

Adiyabazar²,

Vázquez

2021

Energies

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Modern distance relays have integrated numerous protection functions, including power-swing blocking and out-of-step or pole-slip tripping functions. The main purpose of the power-swing blocking function is to differentiate faults from power swings and block distance or other relay elements from operating during stable or unstable power swings. Most power-swing blocking elements are based on traditional methods that monitor the positive sequence impedance rate. The required settings for the power-swing blocking elements could be difficult to calculate in many applications, particularly those where fast swings can be expected. For these cases, extensive stability studies are necessary to determine the fastest rate of possible power swings. This paper presents a detailed step-by-step method for settings calculation of out-of-step (OOS) protection, both blocking and tripping functions considering a generic two-source system. Then the method is applied to define the protection relay settings installed at the interconnection between the Russian and Mongolian power systems, as it is crucial to feed the demand-rich Mongolian power system. In this paper, a specific impedance method is used for defining the OOS protection settings. This paper innovates by testing the settings using the recordings of the major events of 15 September 2018 in two approaches: hybrid co-simulation and cyber-physical. Both tests have demonstrated the appropriate performance of the proposed settings and proving the proposed methodology works appropriately.

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“…The increasing rollout of electric vehicles (EVs) will offer significant potential for sub-aggregation in the near future [1,2]. Network services, such as frequency regulation or peak shaving through scheduled reductions of EV charging loads, seem to be technically viable due to the disperse location of charging sites and to electric vehicles' aggregated power capacity, relatively fast controllability, and long parking times [3][4][5][6][7][8]. EVs are not owned by a system operator, which means that before such services can be put into practice, private customers must be willing to participate in the process with their own vehicles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electric Vehicles as a Flexibility Provider: Optimal Charging Schedules to Improve the Quality of Charging Service

et al. 2021

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The sub-aggregation of electric vehicles provides significant potential to power systems in the form of ancillary services. This means with smart charging it is possible to shift loads from peak to off-peak hours. For the flexibility from privately owned electric vehicles to be offered to the electricity market, customer participation is crucial; however, the impacts of sub-aggregation on customers have not been studied thoroughly. In this paper, charging data covering over 80,000 real-world charging sessions from various commercial charging sites are introduced and the charging characteristics are analyzed. Importantly, a method for finding an optimal pattern for load reduction with the least impact on customers is presented. We suggest an optimal schedule for load reduction from the customer viewpoint at different types of charging sites, including public car parks, offices, residential sites, and shopping centers. The findings indicate that residential and office charging sites offer the greatest potential for load reduction with the least impact on customers. The most flexibility is available during peak charging hours, which on average are at 08:00 at car parks, 07:30 at office sites, 19:00 at residential sites, and 10:00 at shopping centers.

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Optimised TSO–DSO interaction in unbalanced networks through frequency‐responsive EV clusters in virtual power plants

Cited by 20 publications

References 44 publications

Security Impacts Assessment of Active Distribution Network on the Modern Grid Operation—A Review

Security Impacts Assessment of Active Distribution Network on the Modern Grid Operation—A Review

Setting and Testing of the Out-of-Step Protection at Mongolian Transmission System

Electric Vehicles as a Flexibility Provider: Optimal Charging Schedules to Improve the Quality of Charging Service

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