Optimisation of phenolic extraction and quantification of phenolics in palm kernel cake

Kua, Shwu Fun; Ibrahim, Julia; Ooi, Christopher Kuok Weng; Nan, Khairul Izwan; Hashim, Norhafizi; Yusof, Hirzun Mohd

doi:10.7243/2052-6237-3-2

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…Nang et al ( 11 ) extracted a phenolic mixture from fresh palm pressed fibre by supercritical carbon dioxide and identified with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) twelve phenolic compounds that were present in this water-soluble extract. Another study ( 12 ) optimized the extraction of phenolic compounds (methanol-soluble and cell wall-bound forms) from the kernel cake. The predominant phenolic compounds in the extracts were p -hydroxybenzoic and protocatechuic acids.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Palm Oil Processing Residues and Their Application as Antioxidants

Tsouko

Alexandri

Fernandes

et al. 2019

Food technol. biotechnol. (Online)

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The side streams derived from the palm oil production process, namely palm kernel cake, palm pressed fibre, palm kernel shells and empty fruit bunches, were evaluated as sources of phenolic compounds. Among these streams, kernel cake had the highest total phenolic content (in mg of gallic acid equivalents (GAE) per g of dry sample) with a value of 5.19, whereas the empty fruit bunches had the lowest value (1.79). The extraction time and liquid-to-solid ratio were investigated to optimize the phenolic extraction. Kernel cake exhibited the highest total phenolic content (5.35 mg/g) with a liquid-to-solid ratio of 40:1 during 20 min of extraction. The main phenolic compounds of the extracts deriving from all byproduct streams were also identified and quantified with HPLC-DAD. Pyrogallol, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, gallic acid and ferulic acid were the main compounds found in kernel cake extracts. Empty fruit bunch and pressed fibre extracts were also rich in 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, while pyrogallol was the predominant compound in kernel shell extracts. All extracts showed antioxidant activity as it was indicated from the results of DPPH analysis and subsequently tested in sunflower oil aiming to prolong its shelf life. The addition of 0.8 % kernel cake extract increased the induction time of sunflower oil more than 50 %. According to the results obtained in this study, kernel cake extracts could be considered as a value-added co-product with a potential application as antioxidants in the food industry.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Palm Oil Processing Residues and Their Application as Antioxidants

Tsouko

Alexandri

Fernandes

et al. 2019

Food technol. biotechnol. (Online)

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“…According to some authors longer extraction time increase the chance of oxidation of phenolic unless reduction agent are added to the solvent [16]. However, some authors reported longer time as 30-120 min as optimal extraction time of polyphenolics [17,18]. The increase in phenol extraction with increase in temperature has also been reported in other food materials [18] and may be a consequence of increase in agitation which not only increases the diffusivity of solvent into granules, but also the mass transfer and solubility of molecules.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The extraction procedure of phenolics in plant materials has been reviewed by Khoddami et al, [16]. Among solvent usually employed for phenolic extraction, water has been shown to be efficient in extracting phenolic compound [17], flavonoids and proanthocyanidins. We showed in this study that the yield of extraction of phenolic compounds depended on extractions conditions such as the temperature, the time and the ratio of powder to solvent.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Aqueous Extraction Optimization of the Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Components of Boscia Senegalensis Using Central Composite Design Methodology

Nicolas¹

2017

FSN

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10 min extraction time. At this optimum point the polyphenol content, total reducing power, DPPH free radical scavenging and glycemic index were respectively 2.34 mg galliceq/100 mL, 0.41 mg vitamin C eq/100 mL, 59.0% and 51.6%. In conclusion the response surface methodology successfully conducted to production of decoction of Boscia senegalensis with the highest polyphenol content, antioxidant properties and the lowest glycemic index.Keywords: Antioxidant propertie; Boscia senegalensis; Decoction; Glycemic index; Optimization Citation: Dongmo F, Sokeng Dogmo S, Njintang Yanou N (2017) Aqueous Extraction Optimization of the Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Components of Boscia Senegalensis Using Central Composite Design Methodology. J Food Sci Nutr 3: 015.• Material and Methods Sampling and production of Boscia senegalensis flourBoscia senegalensis seeds used in this study were harvested in the experimental farm of the University of Ndjamena, Chad in November 2014. The species were identified and voucher specimen was deposited at the Veterinary and Zoo technical Laboratory of Facha (N° 1344). The matured dried seeds were carefully cleaned and sorted to remove defective ones. The dry seeds were grounded into fine flour using an electric grinder (Culatti, Polymix, France) equipped with a sieve of diameter 800 µm mesh, sealed in polyethylene bags and stored at ambient temperature (25 ± 2°C) until analysis. Aqueous extraction of Boscia senegalensis powderBoscia senegalensis decoction was extracted from the flour using distilled water. The amount of flour used for each extraction corresponds to an average of mass of flour typically used for decoctions, according to the preliminary investigation from traditional health. Also, decoction time and temperature ranges were chosen based on the traditional practices for obtaining Boscia decoction. Seventeen extractions were performed in triplicate as shown in the experimental design (Table 1). The flour was blended with distilled water (flour ratio 0.3:10 to 4:10 g/mL) preheated to the desired temperature, and the slurry was stirred at 2500 rpm using an electric stirrer under different extraction time (3 -38 min) and temperature (25 to 95°C). After incubation, the sample was centrifuged at 1500 g for 15 min at 25°C, the supernatant was collected and the residue was re-extracted in the same conditions. The collected supernatants were combined and packaged in 100 mL volumetric glass vessels and stored at 4°C in the refrigerator for analysis.

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“…The utilization of common extraction medium (dis. water, organic solvent, and aqueous organic solvents) may improve the safety concern and sustainability and increases the extraction yield of bioactive compounds (Kua et al 2015). The obstacles associated with the extraction of bounded phenolic encourage the researchers to discover new cost-effective and sustainable extraction technologies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effective treatments of jojoba and jatropha hulls to obtain phytochemical compounds for industrial, nutritional, and pharmaceutical uses

et al. 2019

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Background: In the industry, acid and alkali are used to hydrolyze lignocellulosic materials into cellulose and lignin. The cellulose is to be used in several industries such as the production of bioethanol, in the sugar industry, and as carbonaceous materials in place of bleaching agents. On the other hand, the lignin separated from the lignocellulosic materials is used as a rich source of different bioactive materials. Usually, the alkali and acid hydrolysis are carried out at high temperatures. The aim of this study was to carry the extraction by using ultrasound equipment at low temperatures to save the phytochemicals present. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 12 different treatments on the extraction of bioactive compounds from jatropha and jojoba hulls. These bioactive extracts are examined for their phytochemical content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The free and bounded bioactive compounds from jojoba and jatropha hulls were also considered. From our previous work, we reached the conclusion that a single extraction method is not as effective as a mixture of solvents and extraction processes. Methods: The hulls were ground and sieved. The effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction together with soaking afterwards were investigated. Solvents used were (1, 0. 5 N HCl), (1, 0.5 N-NaOH), and (70 ml ethanol mixed with 30 ml of (1, 0. 5) N HCl or NaOH) and then soaking to reduce the temperature and to enhance the process in order to hydrolyze lignin. The phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and saponins in each extract were determined, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. Three antioxidant activity methods were applied for each extract: hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) radical scavenging activity, DPPH, and total reducing capability. Results: Bioactive compounds in their natural form were found to possess high antioxidant activities exceeding that of BHT. The NaOH proved to have a great power for the extraction of phytochemical compounds with elevated antioxidant activities from jojoba, while (1, 0.5 N) HCl with ethanol (30-70%) concentrations extracted phytochemicals with high antioxidant activity from jatropha. Conclusion: (A)A simple method for the extraction of flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin compounds from jojoba and jatropha hulls with different activities has been developed. This method utilized a small amount of solvent and less energy. The bioactive extracts can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. (B) Introduce different structure of bioactive compost extracts from jojoba and jatropha hulls through hydrolyses of lignocellulolytic hulls and then the residue will be ready at the same time for multi-uses in industrial purposes.

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Optimisation of phenolic extraction and quantification of phenolics in palm kernel cake

Cited by 9 publications

References 26 publications

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Palm Oil Processing Residues and Their Application as Antioxidants

Extraction of Phenolic Compounds from Palm Oil Processing Residues and Their Application as Antioxidants

Aqueous Extraction Optimization of the Antioxidant and Antihyperglycemic Components of Boscia Senegalensis Using Central Composite Design Methodology

Effective treatments of jojoba and jatropha hulls to obtain phytochemical compounds for industrial, nutritional, and pharmaceutical uses

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