Effective treatments of jojoba and jatropha hulls to obtain phytochemical compounds for industrial, nutritional, and pharmaceutical uses

Abstract

Background: In the industry, acid and alkali are used to hydrolyze lignocellulosic materials into cellulose and lignin. The cellulose is to be used in several industries such as the production of bioethanol, in the sugar industry, and as carbonaceous materials in place of bleaching agents. On the other hand, the lignin separated from the lignocellulosic materials is used as a rich source of different bioactive materials. Usually, the alkali and acid hydrolysis are carried out at high temperatures. The aim of this study was to carry the extraction by using ultrasound equipment at low temperatures to save the phytochemicals present. This study was designed to investigate the effect of 12 different treatments on the extraction of bioactive compounds from jatropha and jojoba hulls. These bioactive extracts are examined for their phytochemical content, antioxidant, and antibacterial activities. The free and bounded bioactive compounds from jojoba and jatropha hulls were also considered. From our previous work, we reached the conclusion that a single extraction method is not as effective as a mixture of solvents and extraction processes. Methods: The hulls were ground and sieved. The effects of ultrasound-assisted extraction together with soaking afterwards were investigated. Solvents used were (1, 0. 5 N HCl), (1, 0.5 N-NaOH), and (70 ml ethanol mixed with 30 ml of (1, 0. 5) N HCl or NaOH) and then soaking to reduce the temperature and to enhance the process in order to hydrolyze lignin. The phenolic compounds, flavonoids, and saponins in each extract were determined, and their antioxidant activities were evaluated. Three antioxidant activity methods were applied for each extract: hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) radical scavenging activity, DPPH, and total reducing capability. Results: Bioactive compounds in their natural form were found to possess high antioxidant activities exceeding that of BHT. The NaOH proved to have a great power for the extraction of phytochemical compounds with elevated antioxidant activities from jojoba, while (1, 0.5 N) HCl with ethanol (30-70%) concentrations extracted phytochemicals with high antioxidant activity from jatropha. Conclusion: (A)A simple method for the extraction of flavonoid, phenolic, and saponin compounds from jojoba and jatropha hulls with different activities has been developed. This method utilized a small amount of solvent and less energy. The bioactive extracts can be used in the pharmaceutical industry. (B) Introduce different structure of bioactive compost extracts from jojoba and jatropha hulls through hydrolyses of lignocellulolytic hulls and then the residue will be ready at the same time for multi-uses in industrial purposes.

A review of the desert gold jojoba (Simmondsia chinensis) whole plant, oil, and meal: Phytochemical composition, medicinal uses, and detoxification

“…All the examined extracts showed promising antioxidant properties (Wagdy & Taha, 2012). In another study, three different methods (DPPH radical scavenging activity, hydrogen peroxide scavenging activity, and total reducing capability) proved the higher antioxidant activity of jojoba hull extracts compared with the synthetic antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) and suggested their possible applications in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry (Akl et al, 2019).…”

“…The hull extracts exhibited different antimicrobial activities against Bacillus cereus , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus aureus , Listeria monocytogenes , Salmonella typhimurium , and Aspergillus flavus (Akl et al, 2019; Wagdy & Taha, 2012).…”

“…The extraction of phenolic and flavonoid compounds of jojoba hulls was achieved through hydrolyses of lignocellulolytic substances using organo-solvents mixed with acid or base. These treatments yielded phenolic content ranging from 62.0 to 1.2 mg /g dried hulls and flavonoid content ranging from 40.0 to 1.35 μg/g dried hulls (Akl et al, 2019).…”

“…Oil (Vaughn et al, 2018) (Meyer et al, 2008) (Quinn et al, 2020) (Touitou & Godin, 2008) (Zięba et al, 2015) (Blaak & Staib, 2022) (Piccioni et al, 2017) Antioxidant Hulls (Wagdy & Taha, 2012) (Akl et al, 2019) Meal (Siahaan et al, 2020) Oil (Manoharan et al, 2016)…”

The Vital Uses of Jojoba Oil and Its Derivatives in Daily Life and the Petroleum Industry

“…The phytochemical compounds were obtained by Akl et al [66], with effective jojoba and jatropha hull treatment which can be used for industrial, pharmaceutical, and nutritional uses. Belostozky et al [68]…”