Optimal phosphotungstinate concentration for polypyrrole linear actuation and energy storage

Zondaka, Zane; Harjo, Madis; Khan, Asaduzzaman; Khanh, Tran Thien; Tamm, Tarmo

doi:10.1088/2399-7532/aae8a4

Cited by 9 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Polymers 2018, 10, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 14 Table 1. shows that the conductivity of the oxidized dry materials is high after polymerization dropping to about one half after actuations in different electrolytes due to the lower potential reached, as seen before [22,23]. In all cases, the conductivity of PPy-PEO/DBS films was about double that of the corresponding PPy/DBS films, demonstrating that PEO has a significant positive effect on the conductivity independent of the electrolyte.…”

Section: Energy-dispersive X-ray (Edx) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 83%

“…Composites of conducting polymers (with and without inorganic salts [ 23 ] or carbon materials [ 24 ]) have been investigated as possible electrodes for supercapacitors. Figure 5 a,b show the steady state chronopotentiometric (charge/discharge) responses to consecutive square current waves (±0.17 A g −1 for PPy-PEO/DBS; ±0.24 A g −1 for PPy/DBS) at 0.005 Hz in each of the studied electrolytes.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Multifunctionality of Polypyrrole Polyethyleneoxide Composites: Concurrent Sensing, Actuation and Energy Storage

et al. 2020

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In films of conducting polymers, the electrochemical reaction(s) drive the simultaneous variation of different material properties (reaction multifunctionality). Here, we present a parallel study of actuation-sensing-energy storage triple functionality of polypyrrole (PPy) blends with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS-), PPy/DBS, without and with inclusion of polyethyleneoxide, PPy-PEO/DBS. The characterization of the response of both materials in aqueous solutions of four different salts indicated that all of the actuating, sensing and charge storage responses were, independent of the electrolyte, present for both materials, but stronger for the PPy-PEO/DBS films: 1.4× higher strains, 1.3× higher specific charge densities, 2.5× higher specific capacitances and increased ion-sensitivity towards the studied counterions. For both materials, the reaction energy, the material potential and the strain variations adapt to and sense the electrical and chemical (exchanged cation) conditions. The driving and the response of actuation, sensing and charge can be controlled/read, simultaneously, via just two connecting wires. Only the cooperative actuation of chemical macromolecular motors from functional cells has such chemical multifunctionality.

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Section: Energy-dispersive X-ray (Edx) Spectroscopymentioning

confidence: 83%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Multifunctionality of Polypyrrole Polyethyleneoxide Composites: Concurrent Sensing, Actuation and Energy Storage

et al. 2020

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“…Previous research [ 25 ] revealed that addition of PTA, well known as a catalyst and mediator [ 26 ] in galvanostatic polymerization, led to potential reduction. The electropolymerization curves of composite samples are presented in Figure 1 a and the SEM images with insets of cross-sections are shown in Figure 1 b–e.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polypyrrole with Phosphor Tungsten Acid and Carbide-Derived Carbon: Change of Solvent in Electropolymerization and Linear Actuation

et al. 2021

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Linear actuators based on polypyrrole (PPy) are envisaged to have only one ion that triggers the actuation direction, either at oxidation (anion-driven) or at reduction (cation-driven). PPy doped with dodecylbenzenesulfonate (PPy/DBS) is the most common applied conducting polymer having cation-driven actuation in aqueous solvent and mainly anion-driven actuation in an organic electrolyte. It is somehow desired to have an actuator that is independent of the applied solvent in the same actuation direction. In this research we made PPy/DBS with the addition of phosphorus tungsten acid, forming PPyPT films, as well with included carbide derived carbon (CDC) resulting in PPyCDC films. The solvent in electropolymerization was changed from an aqueous ethylene glycol mixture to pure EG forming PPyPT-EG and PPyCDC-EG composites. Our goal in this study was to investigate the linear actuation properties of PPy composites applying sodium perchlorate in aqueous (NaClO4-aq) and propylene carbonate (NaClO4-PC) electrolytes. Cyclic voltammetry and square potential steps in combination with electro-chemo-mechanical-deformation (ECMD) measurements of PPy composite films were performed. The PPyPT and PPyCDC had mixed ion-actuation in NaClO4-PC while in NaClO4-aq expansion at reduction (cation-driven) was observed. Those novel PPy composites electropolymerized in EG solvent showed independently which solvent applied mainly expansion at reduction (cation-driven actuator). Chronopotentiometric measurements were performed on all composites, revealing excellent specific capacitance up to 190 F g−1 for PPyCDC-EG (best capacitance retention of 90% after 1000 cycles) and 130 F g−1 for PPyPT-EG in aqueous electrolyte. The films were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Raman, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX).

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“…Several works have demonstrated that anion-active PPy polymerized in propylene carbonate solutions of large(r) anions such as bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide (TFSI − ) can achieve a high strain in a range of over 25% [18]. On the other hand, even larger dopant anions, such as dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS − ) or phosphotungstinate [19], usually used during electropolymerization from aqueous solutions, end up as immobile in the PPy network. During reduction, their excess negative charge is balanced by the ingress of cations (C + ) with solvent molecules (S) leading to expansion upon reduction, i.e., cation-driven actuators [17], described by Equation (2).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Analysis of Fluorinated Anions for Polypyrrole Linear Actuator Electrolytes

et al. 2019

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Either as salts or room temperature ionic liquids, fluorinated anion-based electrolytes have been a common choice for ionic electroactive polymer actuators, both linear and bending. In the present work, propylene carbonate solutions of four electrolytes of the three hugely popular anions—triflouromethanesulfonate, bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide, and hexafluorophosphate were compared and evaluated in polypyrrole linear actuators. The actuation direction, the characteristics—performance relations influence the behavior of the actuators. Isotonic Electro-chemo-mechanical deformation (ECMD) measurements were performed to study the response of the PPy/DBS samples. The highest strain for pristine PPy/DBS linear actuators was found in range of 21% for LiTFSI, while TBAPF6 had the least cation involvement, suggesting the potential for application in durable and controllable actuators. Interesting cation effects on the actuation of the same anions (CF3SO3−) were also observed.

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Optimal phosphotungstinate concentration for polypyrrole linear actuation and energy storage

Cited by 9 publications

References 37 publications

Multifunctionality of Polypyrrole Polyethyleneoxide Composites: Concurrent Sensing, Actuation and Energy Storage

Multifunctionality of Polypyrrole Polyethyleneoxide Composites: Concurrent Sensing, Actuation and Energy Storage

Polypyrrole with Phosphor Tungsten Acid and Carbide-Derived Carbon: Change of Solvent in Electropolymerization and Linear Actuation

Comparative Analysis of Fluorinated Anions for Polypyrrole Linear Actuator Electrolytes

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