Optimal management of energy sharing in a community of buildings using a model predictive control

A Review of Mathematical Models of Building Physics and Energy Technologies for Environmentally Friendly Integrated Energy Management Systems

“…Building simulation tools are mature techniques to analyze the building performance under different targets; for example, energy consumption and thermal comfort. Several building simulation tools (e.g., TRNSYS, En-ergyPlus, IDA-ICE) are widely developed to provide a precise model for the buildings and technologies [11,[28][29][30][31]. However, all building simulation tools face a similar situation when integrated with an EMS: they are only able to account for the modeling of buildings (and sometimes also a few standard equipment), but they cannot be merged in a seamless way with the EMS based on different control strategies.…”

“…For example, an EMS covering energy flexibility conversion, routing and storage options was investigated in [32], where the modeling and control parts were carried out in TRNSYS and MATLAB separately. In addition, different EMSs for a community of buildings were studied in [11], sorted out into two parts: first, calculating each building heating energy demand by building simulation tools (TRNSYS or IDA ICE); then, using the data as input values into the programmed EMS in MATLAB. This strategy to undertake the simulation tools for building modeling and the programming tools for executing EMS strategies separately brings difficulties and challenges in setting up a framework, which increases the run time and may cause inaccuracies through the final results.…”

“…Different energy technologies can be integrated with it. The energy balance equation in each layer is expressed as follows: The size and configuration of this tank is similar to that presented in [11]. The top layer provides DHW for the occupants, and the lower layer is connected to Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) for space heating.…”

“…The factors that influence the COP of a GSHP system include the type of ground heat exchangers (horizontal or vertical), soil condition, local climate, building load characteristics and system design and control optimization [65]. Again, the COP has been modeled as a constant [11], or dependent on meteorological information, such as solar radiation and the ambient temperature [127]. A field study conducted in hot summer and cold winter areas in China [128] indicated that the COP ranges from 1.95 to 4.35 depending on various outside conditions.…”

“…Environmentally friendly technologies with a high Coefficient of Performance (COP)for example, heat pumps and Combined Heating and Power (CHP)-have also been increasingly studied and developed [11,12]. These devices can be combined with waterbased energy distribution systems that allow for low-temperature heating [13] and hightemperature cooling [14] to cover the heating and cooling demand of the buildings.…”