Optimal Land Use—Transport Strategies: Methodology and Application to European Cities

May, Anthony D.; Shepherd, Simon; Emberger, Guenter; Ash, Andrew; Zhang, Xiaoyan; Paulley, Neil

doi:10.3141/1924-17

Cited by 24 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…All of these will be affected by the scale and intensity with which a policy instrument is used; fare changes, for example, can vary in magnitude, by time of day and potentially by route and area. The number of possible policy combinations is thus very extensive, and our parallel work on policy optimisation (May et al, 2005a) has been developed to assist in their analysis.…”

Section: The Meaning Of Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The principles of integration in urban transport strategies

2006

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Integration as a principle in urban transport policy is frequently advocated but rarely defined. We suggest a range of types of integration, and highlight the problems in developing an effective integrated strategy, given the number of variables involved. We argue that integration should be designed to serve agreed objectives of transport policy, rather than being an objective in its own right.We then consider the principles for designing an effective integrated strategy. We define the concept of synergy, which is often advocated as a benefit of integration, and discuss whether it, and other aggregation benefits short of true synergy, are achievable. We then consider the alternative approach of using integration to overcome barriers, an approach which is likely to be in conflict with pursuit of synergy, but more likely to lead to readily implemented strategies.We then review a number of examples where these principles have been applied, and investigate them to assess whether synergy has been demonstrated. Generally we find little evidence of synergy in outcome indicators. We conclude with some more general guidance on approaches to integration.

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Section: The Meaning Of Integrationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The strategic model MARS has been used to represent the Edinburgh region in the UK. The case study is described in more detail in May et al (2005a). The sensitivity approach adopted was as follows:-…”

Section: The Application Of Sensitivity Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

The principles of integration in urban transport strategies

2006

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“…Road user charging will be more effective if integrated with other policies [64]. Research on integrated strategies has demonstrated that road user charging is a key element of an effective strategy, and is best complemented by actions to promote public transport, to reallocate road space and to manage land use [35,41]. These measures are also likely to reduce the adverse impacts of urban road user charging on those travellers who are most disadvantaged by it, and increase its acceptability [42].…”

Section: Possible Objectives and Strategymentioning

confidence: 99%

Overcoming the barriers to implementing urban road user charging schemes

May

Koh

Blackledge

et al. 2010

Eur. Transp. Res. Rev.

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Urban road user charging offers the potential to achieve significant improvements in urban transport, but is notoriously difficult to implement. Cities need guidance on the range of factors to be considered in planning and implementing such schemes. This paper summarises the results of a 3 year programme which has collated evidence on the issues of most concern to cities. A state of the art report has provided evidence on 14 themes, ranging from objectives and design to implementation and evaluation. A set of 16 case studies has reviewed experience in design and implementation across Europe. The paper summarises their findings, provides references to more detailed information, presents the resulting policy recommendations to European, national and local government, and outlines the areas in which further research is needed.

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“…The provision of central funding may also serve to reduce some of the perceived local political risks although the delivery risks are then both locally and nationally significant. It is anticipated, both from the theory [23] and from the evidence above regarding the selection of solutions which match local goals, that authorities are most likely to bid when: 2 Reprinted by permission of the publisher (Taylor & Francis Group, http://www.informaworld.com 3 It is also the case that authorities see obvious benchmark groups for themselves in different contexts (e.g. the core cities group (congestion), former mining towns (regeneration)) a) they think they have a chance of winning (and the costs of bidding are low enough to make the winning pay off substantial); and b) the funding supports activities that meet objectives they would wish to pursue.…”

Section: Pump Priming Of Innovative Policiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At a local or regional scale there exists a range of policy choices which could be selected and a key dilemma facing these areas is which package of policies is feasible and will work best for them now and in the future [2]. In Europe, the Green Paper on Urban Mobility from 2007 suggests that 'European towns and cities are all different, but they face similar challenges and are trying to find common solutions' [3, p1].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influences on the Rollout of Good Policies

Marsden

2011

Transportation Research Record

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Research on sustainable transport planning has concluded that, for the most part, the policies that will lead to more sustainable outcomes are known and what is required is a more widespread and intense application of such measures. In response, upper tiers of government with responsibility for achieving policy goals and for steering the lower tiers of government are often faced with a dilemma of how to encourage these lower tiers to 'do the right thing'. This paper examines the presumptions surrounding the spread of 'good policies', considers the motivations of actors at a lower tier when faced with pressure to adopt policies and, drawing on a series of case studies from Europe, discusses the potential for a range of different approaches to stimulate the more rapid uptake of 'good policies'.The research concludes that greater attention needs to be given to the notions of policy diffusion and the different stages of adoption (or rejection) of policies. Much better use should be made of pilot studies to understand the likely adoption pathway for policies and the extent to which the policies will spread without active intervention. Where intervention is needed, better communication of the benefits and the use of incentives to encourage compliance are likely to be more effective than sanctions and regulations. Sanctions and regulations can be difficult to design, expensive to enforce or oversee and will, faced with an underlying reluctance to comply, lead to compliance on paper but limited action. Good policies are only good policies in particular circumstances and plans to support their roll out should recognise this.

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Optimal Land Use—Transport Strategies: Methodology and Application to European Cities

Cited by 24 publications

References 8 publications

The principles of integration in urban transport strategies

The principles of integration in urban transport strategies

Overcoming the barriers to implementing urban road user charging schemes

Influences on the Rollout of Good Policies

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