Optimal Energy Management for a Residential Microgrid Including a Vehicle-to-Grid System

Abstract

Abstract-An optimization model is proposed to manage a residential microgrid including a charging spot with a vehicle-togrid system and renewable energy sources. In order to achieve a realistic and convenient management, we take into account: (1) the household load split into three different profiles depending on the characteristics of the elements considered; (2) a realistic approach to owner behavior by introducing the novel concept of range anxiety; (3) the vehicle battery management considering the mobility profile of the owner and (4) different domestic renewable energy sources. We consider the microgrid operated in grid-connected mode. The model is executed one-day-ahead and generates a schedule for all components of the microgrid. The results obtained show daily costs in the range of 2.82eto 3.33e; the proximity of these values to the actual energy costs for Spanish households validate the modeling. The experimental results of applying the designed managing strategies show daily costs savings of nearly 10%.Index Terms-Optimal management, smart grids, vehicle-togrid (V2G), range anxiety, renewable generation, residential microgrids I. NOTATION Sets RSet of devices with shiftable load, r ∈ R T Set of time intervals, t ∈ T U wIntervals where the EV is plugged D UE to the current development of electric vehicle (EV) technology and its commercialization, the integration of the EV in the optimal management of residential energy systems will become a real need in the medium term. Moreover, the EV penetration levels could be increased if EV users' concern about running out of electricity before reaching their destination is mitigated. This increase would favour the environment aligning with the European energy objectives.

Optimal Electric and Heat Energy Management of Multi-Microgrids with Sequentially-Coordinated Operations

“…This paper is a heat energy extension of [9], which optimizes the electric energy management in cooperative multi-microgrids. The optimal energy management system (EMS) has been studied for a microgrid which operates in islanded mode [10,11] or in grid-connected mode [11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. In islanded mode, when the microgrid is isolated from the power grid, an energy optimization for military forward operating base camp was solved by a dynamic programing algorithm to minimize the total daily operation cost in [10] and a resiliency-oriented microgrid optimal scheduling model is proposed to minimize the microgrid load curtailment by scheduling available resources in [11].…”

“…While the operation cost minimization problem for energy management of a microgrid has been mostly investigated, the profit maximization problem was also studied in [13]. On the other hand, an online cost minimization scheduling model for co-generation has been developed in [14]. In addition to renewable sources commonly included in a microgrid, controllable energy sources, such as CHP generators, were also considered and managed optimally by controlling their energy production amounts in [11,15,17].…”

Optimal Energy Management of Multi-Microgrids with Sequentially Coordinated Operations

“…First, the optimal operation of energy management system has been applied to a microgrid either in islanded mode [10] or in grid-connected mode [11][12][13][14][15][16], similar to the conventional operation of electric grids. The cost minimization problem of electric energy was investigated mostly, but the profit maximization problem was studied in [12].…”

“…While external trading is allowed between a microgrid and the power grid just like [13] and [16], the internal trading between microgrids is allowed within this cooperative multi-microgrid community just like in [22]. Unlike the centralized approach in [22], sequentially coordinated operations are suggested to distribute the computational burden and yet make the optimal energy management of multi-microgrids possible.…”

Microgrid economic operation considering plug-in hybrid electric vehicles integration

“…In [18], the charging of plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) in an existing office building microgrid equipped with a photovoltaic (PV) system and a combined heat and power (CHP) unit is discussed. In [19], an optimization model is proposed to manage a residential microgrid including a charging spot with a vehicle-to-grid system and renewable energy sources. In [20], the regional energy management and optimized operating strategies of electric vehicles (EVs) and battery swapping station (BSS) are proposed based on smart microgrid according to the effects of the utility grid caused by uncoordinated charging of EVs and BSS.…”