Optical Communication: Its History and Recent Progress

Agrawal, Govind P.

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-31903-2_8

Cited by 41 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 23 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…However, since the early 1990s, Internet traffic has also increased exponentially. It is widely acknowledged that the sustained dramatic advances in improving the capacity of optical fiber (along with the comparable improvements in routers) has enabled telecommunication networks to keep pace with the incredible growth in telecommunications data traffic based on the Internet ([2, 113], and Chapter 2 of [31]). As this traffic growth shows no signs of abating, further improvements in fiber optic technology are necessary to avoid capacity cost increases that could stifle Internet traffic growth.…”

Section: Background On Underlying Telecommunications Technology and Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such improvements may be possible using a new type of technology (space division multiplexing [SDM] where multiple separate channels are set up on the same fiber) which has been a subject of intense research efforts. By 2015, new SDM experimental systems reached a capacity of 10 15 bits/s [2]. However, further research is necessary to assess the practicality of these ideas [88].…”

Section: Background On Underlying Telecommunications Technology and Imentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the amount of electric power required increases linearly with the number of optical fiber cables in use. Such a network design solution would not be a sustainable long‐term solution for exponential traffic increases due to energy consumption concerns [2, 113].…”

Section: Background On Underlying Telecommunications Technology and Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Telecommunications network design: Technology impacts and future directions

Wong

2020

Networks

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During the past 50 years telecommunication network technology has raced ahead powered by exponential advances in computer chip and fiber optic technology. The introduction of packet‐switched networks and the Internet has increased network traffic demands exponentially and has nurtured a variety of new telecommunication services (e.g., email, web‐surfing, social media, streaming services, e‐commerce, the Internet of Things, etc.) over the past 30 years. This rapidly changing environment (along with certain technical considerations) has made it very difficult to give accurate forecasts of traffic demands for both the short‐term (intraday) and for the longer term (year‐to‐year). Telecommunications network design has evolved from the voice‐only networks of the 1970s where operations research (OR) methodology was indispensable to current multiservice packet‐switched data networks whose uncertainty and rapid evolution has reduced the utility of classical optimization models that rely on accurate traffic demand forecasts. After summarizing the major developments in telecommunications network design technologies/services, we describe some promising future research directions to address an environment where technology is ever‐changing and traffic forecasting is difficult. In particular, we focus on the public Internet and emphasize possible work where OR/optimization methodology may be useful in understanding and solving telecommunications network routing and design problems.

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Section: Background On Underlying Telecommunications Technology and Imentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Background On Underlying Telecommunications Technology and Imentioning

confidence: 99%

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Telecommunications network design: Technology impacts and future directions

Wong

2020

Networks

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“…Since the 1990s, optical fiber systems have been widely used in data transmission due to advancements in laser, optical fiber amplifier, and optical fiber technology [ 1 ]. With advantages such as no radiation, immunity to electromagnetic interference (EMI), and ease of multiplexing [ 2 ], optical-fiber-based technology is becoming more prevalent in a variety of sectors of our lives, including communication [ 3 , 4 ], microwave generation [ 5 , 6 ], mechanical inspection [ 6 , 7 ], and earthquake early warning [ 7 , 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymer Optical Fiber for Biomedical Application: A Review

et al. 2021

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This article discusses recent advances in biocompatible and biodegradable polymer optical fiber (POF) for medical applications. First, the POF material and its optical properties are summarized. Then, several common optical fiber fabrication methods are thoroughly discussed. Following that, clinical applications of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs are discussed, including optogenetics, biosensing, drug delivery, and neural recording. Following that, biomedical applications expanded the specific functionalization of the material or fiber design. Different research or clinical applications necessitate the use of different equipment to achieve the desired results. Finally, the difficulty of implanting flexible fiber varies with its flexibility. We present our article in a clear and logical manner that will be useful to researchers seeking a broad perspective on the proposed topic. Overall, the content provides a comprehensive overview of biocompatible and biodegradable POFs, including previous breakthroughs, as well as recent advancements. Biodegradable optical fibers have numerous applications, opening up new avenues in biomedicine.

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“…Miller and colleagues, led to the aim of miniaturizing and integrating all necessary components for the generation, addressing, processing and detection of an optical signal on a single chip by means of optical waveguides and gave the decisive impulse for the development of integrated optics (IO). The ion-exchange process in glass greatly contributed to achieving these results [14][15][16][17]. Pioneering works in this field were given by T. Izawa and co-workers and T. G. Giallorenzi et al, at the beginning of the 1970s, who demonstrated the feasibility to obtain planar glass waveguides by thermal or field assisted ion-exchange using different molten salts, thus opening up the way for further development of novel integrated devices in the optical communications field [18,19].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a Glass New World: The Role of Ion-Exchange in Modern Technology

2021

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Glasses, in their different forms and compositions, have special properties that are not found in other materials. The combination of transparency and hardness at room temperature, combined with a suitable mechanical strength and excellent chemical durability, makes this material indispensable for many applications in different technological fields (as, for instance, the optical fibres which constitute the physical carrier for high-speed communication networks as well as the transducer for a wide range of high-performance sensors). For its part, ion-exchange from molten salts is a well-established, low-cost technology capable of modifying the chemical-physical properties of glass. The synergy between ion-exchange and glass has always been a happy marriage, from its ancient historical background for the realisation of wonderful artefacts, to the discovery of novel and fascinating solutions for modern technology (e.g., integrated optics). Getting inspiration from some hot topics related to the application context of this technique, the goal of this critical review is to show how ion-exchange in glass, far from being an obsolete process, can still have an important impact in everyday life, both at a merely commercial level as well as at that of frontier research.

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Optical Communication: Its History and Recent Progress

Cited by 41 publications

References 23 publications

Telecommunications network design: Technology impacts and future directions

Telecommunications network design: Technology impacts and future directions

Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymer Optical Fiber for Biomedical Application: A Review

Towards a Glass New World: The Role of Ion-Exchange in Modern Technology

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