Operational performance indicators for litter management at festivals in semi-natural landscapes

Cierjacks, Arne; Behr, Friederike; Kowarik, Ingo

doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2011.06.033

Cited by 38 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…On land littering is an important environmental and public issue [47,48] and is a matter of increasing concern in protected areas where volumes are influenced by visitor density; consequently, measures are now needed to reduce and mitigate for damage to the environment [49]. In addition, waste management practices in different regions of the world also vary, and this may be a more important source in one geographical region compared to another [8].…”

Section: Sources Of Plastics and Microplastics Into The Freshwater Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastics Are Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Freshwater Environments: An Overview

Lambert

Wagner

2017

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

217

137

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In recent years, interest in the environmental occurrence and effects of microplastics (MPs) has shifted towards our inland waters, and in this chapter we provide an overview of the issues that may be of concern for freshwater environments. The term 'contaminant of emerging concern' does not only apply to chemical pollutants but to MPs as well because it has been detected ubiquitously in freshwater systems. The environmental release of MPs will occur from a wide variety of sources, including emissions from wastewater treatment plants and from the degradation of larger plastic debris items. Due to the chemical makeup of plastic materials, receiving environments are potentially exposed to a mixture of microand nano-sized particles, leached additives, and subsequent degradation products, which will become bioavailable for a range of biota. The ingestion of MPs by aquatic organisms has been demonstrated, but the long-term effects of continuous exposures are less well understood. Technological developments and changes in demographics will influence the types of MPs and environmental concentrations in the future, and it will be important to develop approaches to mitigate the input of synthetic polymers to freshwater ecosystems.

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Section: Sources Of Plastics and Microplastics Into The Freshwater Enmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microplastics Are Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Freshwater Environments: An Overview

Lambert

Wagner

2017

The Handbook of Environmental Chemistry

217

137

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“…Suspicions have been raised about how these attempts may be as much about gaining a brand advantage (Wong et al, 2015) as about any deeply felt concerns about the impact of sizeable events that are sometimes staged in fragile rural ecosystems (Cierjacks, Behr, and Kowarik, 2012;Henderson and Musgrave, 2014). Nonetheless the link is certainly there, as indeed it always has been with festivals long providing a home for counter cultural thought regarding the value of current norms and the sustainability of human consumption (Sharpe, 2008).…”

Section: The Sustainability Agendamentioning

confidence: 99%

Should there be more showers at the summer music festival? Studying the contextual dependence of resource consuming conventions and lessons for sustainable tourism

Hitchings¹,

Browne

Jack

2017

Journal of Sustainable Tourism

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“…General littering is the direct dropping of litter, and dumping of items; for example, illegal dumping of waste that can then be transported by wind or from drainage and storm water runoff to ocean sinks (Tharpes 1989). Littering at festival sites is noted as an issue; especially from sites that have inadequate waste management systems (Cierjacks et al 2012). Accidental littering, by contrast, results from windblown debris from bins, or from recycling and landfill facilities (Tharpes 1989).…”

Section: General and Accidental Litteringmentioning

confidence: 96%

Occurrence, Degradation, and Effect of Polymer-Based Materials in the Environment

Lambert

Sinclair

Boxall

2013

Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology

160

151

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There is now a plethora of polymer-based materials (PBMs) on the market, because of the increasing demand for cheaper consumable goods, and light-weight industrial materials. Each PBM constitutes a mixture of their representative polymer/sand their various chemical additives. The major polymer types are polyethylene, polypropylene,and polyvinyl chloride, with natural rubber and biodegradable polymers becoming increasingly more important. The most important additives are those that are biologically active, because to be effective such chemicals often have properties that make them resistant to photo-degradation and biodegradation. During their lifecycle,PBMs can be released into the environment form a variety of sources. The principal introduction routes being general littering, dumping of unwanted waste materials,migration from landfills and emission during refuse collection. Once in the environment,PBMs are primarily broken down by photo-degradation processes, but due to the complex chemical makeup of PBMs, receiving environments are potentially exposed to a mixture of macro-, meso-, and micro-size polymer fragments, leached additives, and subsequent degradation products. In environments where sunlight is absent (i.e., soils and the deep sea) degradation for most PBMs is minimal .The majority of literature to date that has addressed the environmental contamination or disposition of PBMs has focused on the marine environment. This is because the oceans are identified as the major sink for macro PBMs, where they are known to present a hazard to wildlife via entanglement and ingestion. The published literature has established the occurrence of microplastics in marine environment and beach sediments, but is inadequate as regards contamination of soils and freshwater sediments. The uptake of microplastics for a limited range of aquatic organisms has also been established, but there is a lack of information regarding soil organisms, and the long-term effects of microplastic uptake are also less well understood.There is currently a need to establish appropriate degradation test strategies consistent with realistic environmental conditions, because the complexity of environmental systems is lost when only one process (e.g., hydrolysis) is assessed in isolation. Enhanced methodologies are also needed to evaluate the impact of PBMs to soil and freshwater environments.

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Operational performance indicators for litter management at festivals in semi-natural landscapes

Cited by 38 publications

References 18 publications

Microplastics Are Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Freshwater Environments: An Overview

Microplastics Are Contaminants of Emerging Concern in Freshwater Environments: An Overview

Should there be more showers at the summer music festival? Studying the contextual dependence of resource consuming conventions and lessons for sustainable tourism

Occurrence, Degradation, and Effect of Polymer-Based Materials in the Environment

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