Operational performance and analysis of two rabies vaccination campaigns in N’Djamena, Chad

Léchenne, Monique; Oussiguéré, Assandi; Naïssengar, Kemdongarti; Mindekem, Rolande; Mosimann, Laura; Rives, Germain; Hattendorf, Jan; Moto, Daugla Doumagoum; Alfaroukh, Idriss Oumar; Zinsstag, Jakob

doi:10.1016/j.vaccine.2015.11.033

Cited by 77 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Models of rabies for China and sub-Saharan Africa have predicted the effectiveness (33,34,43) and efficiency (19,20,44) of annual vaccination campaigns, the success of which has been borne out in practice (30,45). Given differences between counties, particularly regarding canine demographics and campaign cost structure, it is important to tailor evaluations of rabies control programs to specific settings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Health approach to cost-effective rabies control in India

Fitzpatrick

Shah

Pandey

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Over 20,000 rabies deaths occur annually in India, representing one-third of global human rabies. The Indian state of Tamil Nadu has pioneered a "One Health" committee to address the challenge of rabies in dogs and humans. Currently, rabies control in Tamil Nadu involves postexposure vaccination of humans after dog bites, whereas potential supplemental approaches include canine vaccination and sterilization. We developed a data-driven rabies transmission model fit to human rabies autopsy data and human rabies surveillance data from Tamil Nadu. Integrating local estimates for canine demography and costs, we predicted the impact of canine vaccination and sterilization on human health outcomes and evaluated cost-effectiveness according to the WHO criteria for India, which correspond to thresholds of $1,582 and $4,746 per disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) for very cost-effective and cost-effective strategies, respectively. We found that highly feasible strategies focused on stray dogs, vaccinating as few as 7% of dogs annually, could very cost-effectively reduce human rabies deaths by 70% within 5 y, and a modest expansion to vaccinating 13% of stray dogs could cost-effectively reduce human rabies by almost 90%. Through integration over parameter uncertainty, we find that, for a cost-effectiveness threshold above $1,400 per DALY, canine interventions are at least 95% likely to be optimal. If owners are willing to bring dogs to central point campaigns at double the rate that campaign teams can capture strays, expanded annual targets become cost-effective. This case study of cost-effective canine interventions in Tamil Nadu may have applicability to other settings in India and beyond. mathematical modeling | cost-effectiveness | rabies | sterilization | vaccination

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

One Health approach to cost-effective rabies control in India

Fitzpatrick

Shah

Pandey

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Several methods have been used to estimate coverage including (i) the use of pre-campaign estimates of dog population size through human to dog ratios (HDRs) as the denominator, and the number of dogs vaccinated during the campaign as the numerator (6); (ii) post-vaccination household surveys to estimate the proportion of vaccinated dogs (7–11); and (iii) post-vaccination transects to estimate the proportion of marked (vaccinated) dogs (4, 12–14). However, these methods all have limitations.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparing Methods of Assessing Dog Rabies Vaccination Coverage in Rural and Urban Communities in Tanzania

et al. 2017

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Rabies can be eliminated by achieving comprehensive coverage of 70% of domestic dogs during annual mass vaccination campaigns. Estimates of vaccination coverage are, therefore, required to evaluate and manage mass dog vaccination programs; however, there is no specific guidance for the most accurate and efficient methods for estimating coverage in different settings. Here, we compare post-vaccination transects, school-based surveys, and household surveys across 28 districts in southeast Tanzania and Pemba island covering rural, urban, coastal and inland settings, and a range of different livelihoods and religious backgrounds. These approaches were explored in detail in a single district in northwest Tanzania (Serengeti), where their performance was compared with a complete dog population census that also recorded dog vaccination status. Post-vaccination transects involved counting marked (vaccinated) and unmarked (unvaccinated) dogs immediately after campaigns in 2,155 villages (24,721 dogs counted). School-based surveys were administered to 8,587 primary school pupils each representing a unique household, in 119 randomly selected schools approximately 2 months after campaigns. Household surveys were conducted in 160 randomly selected villages (4,488 households) in July/August 2011. Costs to implement these coverage assessments were $12.01, $66.12, and $155.70 per village for post-vaccination transects, school-based, and household surveys, respectively. Simulations were performed to assess the effect of sampling on the precision of coverage estimation. The sampling effort required to obtain reasonably precise estimates of coverage from household surveys is generally very high and probably prohibitively expensive for routine monitoring across large areas, particularly in communities with high human to dog ratios. School-based surveys partially overcame sampling constraints, however, were also costly to obtain reasonably precise estimates of coverage. Post-vaccination transects provided precise and timely estimates of community-level coverage that could be used to troubleshoot the performance of campaigns across large areas. However, transects typically overestimated coverage by around 10%, which therefore needs consideration when evaluating the impacts of campaigns. We discuss the advantages and disadvantages of these different methods and make recommendations for how vaccination campaigns can be better monitored and managed at different stages of rabies control and elimination programs.

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“…Following these two mass and free vaccination campaigns for canine and other pets canine rabies incidence dropped by 90% in less than one year [27]. Therefore, at the end of the intervention in 2014 rabies cases were only reported from peripherical zones of N'Djamena.…”

Section: Results Of Rabies Diagnosis In Lrvz From 2000 To 2012mentioning

confidence: 99%

Situation of Rabies in the Republic of Chad

Kebkiba¹,

Ouagal²,

Kourdina³

et al. 2017

AVS

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Known since the highest antiquity, rabies is a viral, mortal disease. Rabies affects all mammals, including humans, and is a threat to both public and animal health. Rabies is therefore a zoonosis. Rabies is caused by a virus belonging to the family Rhabdoviridae and gender lyssavirus. Rabies virus is an enveloped virus presenting in an electron microscopy as a shell. It is a viral disease that is characterized by encephalitis. It is poorly controlled and even increasing in many countries in Africa and Asia. In Chad, rabies is enzootic, and its diagnosis is only possible at the Veterinary and Zootechnical Research Laboratory of Farcha (LRVZ), the current Livestock Research Institute for Development (IRED). In intertropical Africa, rabies is urban; it is carried by dogs that represent the reservoir of the wild virus and the vector of the disease in humans because of the close ties they keep with humans. Other domestic animals do not intervene much. This manuscript describes the evolution of the epidemiological situation of rabies in the Republic of Chad and the results of the studies carried out in this field from 1990 to date. The results of the mass and free vaccination campaigns undertaken in 2003, 2012 and 2013 gave a vaccination coverage rate of 78, 70.83 and 71% respectively; On the other hand, the mass and paid vaccination campaign gave a vaccination coverage rate of 23%. Thanks to the results of the two mass vaccination campaigns for dogs and other companion animals, the incidence of rabies in N'Djamena drops from four (4) new cases per month in 2012 to less than two cases per month in 2014. Although efforts were made to control the diease, the existing data on canine rabies in Chad are fragmentary and do not allow accurate description of the disease situation throughout the country. To effectively control rabies in Chad, mass vaccination campaign for dogs and other companion animals must be free of charge throughout the all national territory, since the fight against rabies is a public good, an ethical imperative that can contribute to the fight against poverty. Emphasis should therefore be put on raising public awareness by using all possible means, such as radio, television, newspapers and awareness-raising meetings.

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Operational performance and analysis of two rabies vaccination campaigns in N’Djamena, Chad

Cited by 77 publications

References 22 publications

One Health approach to cost-effective rabies control in India

One Health approach to cost-effective rabies control in India

Comparing Methods of Assessing Dog Rabies Vaccination Coverage in Rural and Urban Communities in Tanzania

Situation of Rabies in the Republic of Chad

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