One-step gas-liquid detonation synthesis of carbon nano-onions and their tribological performance as lubricant additives

Effects of carbon nano onions on the tribological performance of food‐grade calcium sulfonate complex grease

“…Moreover, during the rubbing process, the graphite layer dropped by the CNOs was adsorbed on the surface of the rubbing pair, which was easy to slide and thus played a role in the friction‐reducing action 33 . This work was verified by a simple rubbing test, which result was detected using the Raman spectra of CNOs as shown in Figure 12.…”

“…It is observed that CNOs is a near‐spherical multinucleate structure, and its surface is a graphite shell. Due to small particle size of CNOs , the surface energy is high, it could easily aggregate and adsorb together to form various large carbon atomic clusters 33,34 . Meanwhile, the smaller clusters are easily attracted by the larger ones.…”

“…As shown in Figure 3, CNOs possessed a layered and spherical graphite structure, which was effectively dispersed in the as‐prepared grease and acted as a “ball bearing” during the rubbing process. The friction‐reducing and anti‐wear effects on the CSCG‐FG were improved through the rolling and sliding motion 33,40,41 . In addition, through the analysis of the cross‐section curve of disc wear scar (see Figure 9a), CNO s could play a polished role in reducing the surface bump of the disc and repairing the irregular edge during the rubbing process.…”

Synthesis of Core–Shell Micro/Nanoparticles and Their Tribological Application: A Review

“…However, suitable additives are needed to enhance the certain properties of liquid lubricants such as the wear resistance, oxidation resistance, and anti-corrosion [ 69 ]. Many additives such as carbon-based particles [ 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 ], metal composite nanoparticles [ 74 , 75 ], metal oxides [ 76 , 77 ], and MoS 2 [ 78 , 79 ] have been studied during the last few decades. Nonetheless, in turn, the uneven distribution and aggregation of the additives will reduce the lubricating properties of liquid lubricants.…”

Soft-chemistry synthesis, solubility and interlayer spacing of carbon nano-onions

“…3 In 1992, Ugarte reported the in situ formation process of this multi-shell fullerene dened as CNOs by virtue of an onion-like structure consisting of multilayered concentric shells by transformation of carbon soot under electro-beam irradiation. 4 Various synthesis methods for CNOs have been developed, including pyrolysis, 5 chemical vapour deposition, 6,7 nanodiamondderived CNOs, 8 arc discharge, 9 electron beam irradiation, 4 detonation, [10][11][12] laser irradiation, 13,14 ball-milling 15 and ion-implantation. 16,17 Most of these traditional methods require rigorous conditions, like high temperatures or high vacuum degrees, costly in terms of process.…”