Shear flow affects the kinetics of crystallization and modifies the composition of the solid and liquid phases obtained during crystallization. Research on the effects of shear flow on the crystallization is necessary to understand how triglycerides form crystalline structures. In this Article, palm oil, milk fat, and milk fat triglycerides were cooled at 3 or 0.5 °C/min from the melt at 50 °C down to 17.5 or 17 °C and left to crystallize under a shear rate of 90 s À1 in a Couette cell system. The shear rate was then increased to 1440 s À1 . Synchrotron X-ray diffraction patterns were captured during the crystallization process. The integrated intensity, average thickness, and average lamellar spacing of the crystalline nanoplatelets were modified by the shear rate step. Increased thickness and crystalline orientation were evident after the shear rate step-up. Similar experiments with milk fat in a Rheo-NMR instrument provided additional information to interpret the orientation and thickness changes observed. These effects of shear step-up on crystallizing fats offer new options for the industrial processing of chocolate, dairy, margarine, and shortening production, allowing more freedom for tailoring their desired crystalline nanostructures.

Owing to the diverse composition, adjustable performance, and synergistic effect among components, core–shell micro/nanoparticles have been widely applied in the field of tribology in recent years. The strong combination with the matrix and the good dispersion of reinforcing fillers in the composites could be achieved through the design of core–shell structural particles based on the reinforcing fillers. In addition, the performance of chemical mechanical polishing could be improved by optimizing the shell material coated on the abrasive surface. The physical and chemical state of the core–shell micro/nanoparticles played important effects on the friction and wear properties of materials. In this paper, the synthesis methods, the tribological applications (acted as solid/liquid lubricant additive, chemical mechanical polishing abrasives and basic units of lubricant matrix), and the functionary mechanisms of core–shell micro/nanoparticles were systematically reviewed, and the future development of core–shell micro/nanoparticles in tribology was also prospected.

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In this work, the primer-printed and then self-assembled poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) sheets were plated when the bath pH increased from 7 to 11. The e®ects of bath pH on the structural and electrical properties of electroless nickel plating were investigated systematically using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results showed that the crystallographic structures of Ni-plated PET (NPP) sheets were face centered cubic, the preferential orientation of the coatings changes from (200) plane to (111) plane, the growth rate of plated nickel coating increased from 3.71 m/min to 8.13 m/min, the average Ni crystal size was increased from 0.23 m to 0.92 m, the average EMI-SE of NPP sheets was increased from 37.2 dB to 38.6 dB and the surface electrical resistivity of NPP sheets was decreased from 6235 ohm Á cm to 0.03 ohm Á cm with the increase of bath pH. The changes in structural and electrical properties were most possibly due to the fact that the thickness of coating increased.