Oncolytic bacteria: past, present and future

Ríus-Rocabert, Sergio; Llinares, Fernando Miró; Pozuelo, María José; Garcı́a, Antonia

doi:10.1093/femsle/fnz136

Cited by 20 publications

(28 citation statements)

References 206 publications

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“…We conclude that, in addition to protection from COVID-19 disease, SARS-CoV-2 viral production and death, BCG clinical trials that evaluate (i) alternative routes of administration, (ii) its potential use as adjuvant, and (iii) its potential to prevent concurrent respiratory diseases will be very informative. While some vaccines rely on additional adjuvants in their formulation, live BCG has strong "self-adjuvant" properties that stimulate multiple innate immune sensors or PRRs, including TLR2, TLR4, TLR8, C-type lectin receptors Dectin-1, and Mincle that enhance vaccine induced immunity (67). While the main line of research and therapeutic approaches are focused on the adaptive immune response against SARS-CoV-2, we should not forget the primordial role of the innate immune response against infections.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The BCG Vaccine for COVID-19: First Verdict and Future Directions

González-Pérez

Sánchez-Tarjuelo

Shor³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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Despite of the rapid development of the vaccines against the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), it will take several months to have enough doses and the proper infrastructure to vaccinate a good proportion of the world population. In this interim, the accessibility to the Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) may mitigate the pandemic impact in some countries and the BCG vaccine offers significant advantages and flexibility in the way clinical vaccines are administered. BCG vaccination is a highly cost-effective intervention against tuberculosis (TB) and many low-and lower-middle-income countries would likely have the infrastructure, and health care personnel sufficiently familiar with the conventional TB vaccine to mount full-scale efforts to administer novel BCG-based vaccine for COVID-19. This suggests the potential for BCG to overcome future barriers to vaccine roll-out in the countries where health systems are fragile and where the effects of this new coronavirus could be catastrophic. Many studies have reported cross-protective effects of the BCG vaccine toward non-tuberculosis related diseases. Mechanistically, this cross-protective effect of the BCG vaccine can be explained, in part, by trained immunity, a recently discovered program of innate immune memory, which is characterized by non-permanent epigenetic reprogramming of macrophages that leads to increased inflammatory cytokine production and consequently potent immune responses. In this review, we summarize recent work highlighting the potential use of BCG for the treatment respiratory infectious diseases and ongoing SARS-CoV-2 clinical trials. In situations where no other specific prophylactic tools are available, the BCG vaccine could be used as a potential adjuvant, to decrease sickness of SARS-CoV-2 infection and/or to mitigate the effects of concurrent respiratory infections.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The BCG Vaccine for COVID-19: First Verdict and Future Directions

González-Pérez

Sánchez-Tarjuelo

Shor³

et al. 2021

Front. Immunol.

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“…Bacteria and viruses are highly immunogenic that can be used to trigger an immune response towards tumors ( 23 ). Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune system, for example, Tuberculosis vaccine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Bacterial vaccines contain killed or attenuated bacteria that activate the immune system, for example, Tuberculosis vaccine. Several bacterial genera, including Salmonella , Streptococcus , Listeria , Escherichia et al., accumulate inside tumors and develop an oncolytic effect ( 23 ). Listeria-based tumor vaccines that generates CTL-mediated tumor killing have been presented as an immunotherapy approach in clinical setting ( 24 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome Related Cytotoxically Active CD8+ TIL Are Inversely Associated With Lung Cancer Development

Zheng

Sai

et al. 2020

Front. Oncol.

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Lung cancer is the most common cancer type around the world. Although major advances in cancer therapy, lung cancer has been the largest proportion of all cancer-related deaths. The respiratory tract contains many types of bacteria and a distinct lung microbiome in lung cancer patients was described in many studies. The specific roles of these lung microorganisms in lung cancer progression remain unclear. In this study, we evaluated the effect of inhalation of bronchoalveolar fluid (BAL) in the lung cancer cell growth. The microbiome-based immune and carcinogenesis was examined in tumor-bearing mouse model. We found that inhalation of BAL collected from non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients altered the lung microbiota and inhibited tumor cell growth. The inhibitory effect was due to the infiltration of CD3 and CD8+ T cells and decrease of M2 macrophages in lungs. The microbial communities of NSCLC BAL inhalation group were dominated by Pasteurella, whereas the microbial communities of non-cancer control and PBS inhalation group were dominated by Delftia. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) indicated that the genera Pasteurella, Pseudomonas, and Chryseobacterium were increased in NSCLC BAL inhalation group, while genera Delftia, Ezakiella, Blautia, Cloacibacterium, and Microvirga et al. were increased in PBS and Non-cancer group. We demonstrated a significant positive correlation between Pasteurella and cytotoxic CD8+ TIL and a negative correlation with M2 macrophages. Coriobacteriaceae was positively correlated with M2 macrophages and negatively correlated with CD8+ cells. The abundance of Pasteurella was negatively correlated with tumor cell growth. Our findings provide a promising strategy that can be used as a therapeutic vaccine for lung cancer patients.

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“…The basis for these tests indicates an innate immune response that is activated by bacteria. Finally, various publications covered many aspects of oncolytic bacteria [ 127 ].…”

Section: Bacteria In Cancer Therapymentioning

confidence: 99%

Dual Role of Bacteria in Carcinoma: Stimulation and Inhibition

Al-Hilu

Al-Shujairi

2020

International Journal of Microbiology

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Although what unifies the carcinogenic microorganisms has not been determined by multiple studies, the role of bacteria in the development of neoplasms has not been properly elucidated. In this review, we discuss links between the bacterial species and cancer, with focus on immune responses for the stimulation of tumor cells such as induction of inflammation. Finally, we will describe the potential therapeutic strategies of bacteria on target tumors to improve treatment while mitigating adverse reactions. Cancer is a series of genetic changes that transform normal cells into tumor cells. These changes come from several reasons, including smoking, drinking alcohol, sunlight, exposure to chemical or physical factors, and finally chronic infection with microorganisms, including bacteria. In fact, bacterial infections are not carcinogenic, but recently it was discovered that the association between bacteria and cancer is through two mechanisms, the first stimulating chronic inflammation and the second producing carcinogenic metabolites. While bacteria are carcinogenic agents also, they have a dual role eliminating and removing tumor cells. However, the traditional cancer treatments that include chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgery, and immunotherapy increase the chances of survival, and there are many side effects of these therapies, including the high toxicity of tissues and normal cells, could not penetrate the tumor cells, and resistance of these therapies by tumor cells. Therefore, the world has turned to an alternative solution, which is the use of genetically engineered microorganisms; thus, the use of living bacteria targeting cancerous cells is the unique option to overcome these challenges. Bacterial therapies, whether used alone or combination with chemotherapy, give a positive effect to treat multiple conditions of cancer. Also, bacteria can be used as vectors for drug, gene, or therapy, and this is a great step to treat cancer. Thus, we review the mechanisms underlying the interaction of the microbiota residents with cancer. Cancer-associated bacteria differ from those in healthy human and are linked with gene-expression profile. We also discuss how live bacteria interact with tumor microenvironments to induce tumor regression through colonization and spread. Finally, we provide past and ongoing clinical trials that include bacteria targeting tumors.

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Oncolytic bacteria: past, present and future

Cited by 20 publications

References 206 publications

The BCG Vaccine for COVID-19: First Verdict and Future Directions

The BCG Vaccine for COVID-19: First Verdict and Future Directions

Microbiome Related Cytotoxically Active CD8+ TIL Are Inversely Associated With Lung Cancer Development

Dual Role of Bacteria in Carcinoma: Stimulation and Inhibition

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