Ocular Microbiota and Intraocular Inflammation

Abstract

The term ocular microbiota refers to all types of commensal and pathogenic microorganisms present on or in the eye. The ocular surface is continuously exposed to the environment and harbors various commensals. Commensal microbes have been demonstrated to regulate host metabolism, development of immune system, and host defense against pathogen invasion. An unbalanced microbiota could lead to pathogenic microbial overgrowth and cause local or systemic inflammation. The specific antigens that irritate the deleterious immune responses in various inflammatory eye diseases remain obscure, while recent evidence implies a microbial etiology of these illnesses. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of the literature on ocular microbiota and the role of commensal microbes in several eye diseases. In addition, this review will also discuss the interaction between microbial pathogens and host factors involved in intraocular inflammation, and evaluate therapeutic potential of targeting ocular microbiota to treat intraocular inflammation.

Microbiota and Ocular Diseases

“…Migration of microorganisms into the eye may be mediated by phagocytes under the immune imbalance caused by ocular diseases. Detailed mechanisms relating to the potential immunological links between microbes-derived antigens and ocular tissues has been discussed in detailed in another review ( Li et al., 2020 ). The process likely involves TLRs, resident ocular antigen-presenting cells, such as ocular dendritic cells, MHCs and miscellaneous inflammatory mediators.…”

The Role of P53 and K-Ras in Regulating Spleen Innate Mediators in Mice with Colon Cancer

“…The upregulation of the pro-inflammatory cytokine cascade is commonly correlated directly to the upregulation of TLRs expression levels. The early activation of the pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions is a revolution against tumorigenesis and protecting its development by increasing the apoptosis pathway of cancerous cells [37]. Although TNFα and IL1β are generated by monocytes, in particular, the macrophages (the most effective antigen-presenting cells) [38,39].…”

Postbiotic Supplementation for Children and Newborn’s Health

“…This multitude of microorganisms plays a role of such importance for human health that it is considered, in its totality, a whole symbiotic organism, evolved together with our species with a mutual benefit. The presence of some particular microorganisms at the level of the human body's epithelia would favor that particular district's health [6,7]. Respiratory microbiota, ocular microbiota or vaginal microbiota are a few examples of this functional interaction.…”