Microbiota and Ocular Diseases

Xue, Wei; Li, Jing Jing; Zou, Yanli; Zou, Bin; Wei, Lai

doi:10.3389/fcimb.2021.759333

Cited by 24 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 233 publications

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“…Although uterine transplantation is in its nascency with only a handful of cases reported worldwide, it is gaining attention in the medical community (255,256). The ocular microbiota is another example of a unique microbiota that has been reported to be interrelated to a variety of ophthalmic diseases such as age-related macular degeneration, autoimmune uveitis, glaucoma, and several others (257). The recent discovery of even more exotic human microbiotas such as the seminal and penile microbiota, hepatic microbiota, and cerebrospinal fluid virome opens up new frontiers of metagenomic exploration (8,11,(258)(259)(260).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation

Sen

Thummer

2022

Front. Immunol.

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The human microbiota heavily influences most vital aspects of human physiology including organ transplantation outcomes and transplant rejection risk. A variety of organ transplantation scenarios such as lung and heart transplantation as well as hematopoietic stem cell transplantation is heavily influenced by the human microbiotas. The human microbiota refers to a rich, diverse, and complex ecosystem of bacteria, fungi, archaea, helminths, protozoans, parasites, and viruses. Research accumulating over the past decade has established the existence of complex cross-species, cross-kingdom interactions between the residents of the various human microbiotas and the human body. Since the gut microbiota is the densest, most popular, and most studied human microbiota, the impact of other human microbiotas such as the oral, lung, urinary, and genital microbiotas is often overshadowed. However, these microbiotas also provide critical and unique insights pertaining to transplantation success, rejection risk, and overall host health, across multiple different transplantation scenarios. Organ transplantation as well as the pre-, peri-, and post-transplant pharmacological regimens patients undergo is known to adversely impact the microbiotas, thereby increasing the risk of adverse patient outcomes. Over the past decade, holistic approaches to post-transplant patient care such as the administration of clinical and dietary interventions aiming at restoring deranged microbiota community structures have been gaining momentum. Examples of these include prebiotic and probiotic administration, fecal microbial transplantation, and bacteriophage-mediated multidrug-resistant bacterial decolonization. This review will discuss these perspectives and explore the role of different human microbiotas in the context of various transplantation scenarios.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation

Sen

Thummer

2022

Front. Immunol.

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“…The initial efforts at characterizing the core human microbiome disregarded the eye; however, there are now rigorous research efforts aimed at defining the ocular microbiome and emphasizing the concept of the “microbiota–gut–retina axis” [ 11 , 12 , 13 ]. The eyes are one type of organ that is constantly exposed to the environment and attracts diverse microorganisms.…”

Section: Ocular Microbiomementioning

confidence: 99%

Do Oral Pathogens Inhabit the Eye and Play a Role in Ocular Diseases?

Arjunan

Swaminathan

2022

JCM

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Fascinatingly, the immune-privileged healthy eye has a small unique population of microbiota. The human microbiome project led to continuing interest in the ocular microbiome. Typically, ocular microflorae are commensals of low diversity that colonize the external and internal sites of the eye, without instigating any disorders. Ocular commensals modulate immunity and optimally regulate host defense against pathogenic invasion, both on the ocular surface and neuroretina. Yet, any alteration in this symbiotic relationship culminates in the perturbation of ocular homeostasis and shifts the equilibrium toward local or systemic inflammation and, in turn, impaired visual function. A compositional variation in the ocular microbiota is associated with surface disorders such as keratitis, blepharitis, and conjunctivitis. Nevertheless, innovative studies now implicate non-ocular microbial dysbiosis in glaucoma, age-related macular degeneration (AMD), uveitis, and diabetic retinopathy. Accordingly, prompt identification of the extra-ocular etiology and a methodical understanding of the mechanisms of invasion and host-microbial interaction is of paramount importance for preventative and therapeutic interventions for vision-threatening conditions. This review article aims to explore the current literature evidence to better comprehend the role of oral pathogens in the etiopathogenesis of ocular diseases, specifically AMD.

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“…There is growing interest in microbiome dysbiosis, particularly in the gut, which has been widely acknowledged to play a role in the etiology of metabolic illnesses such as obesity [ 14 , 15 ] and chronic liver diseases [ 15 , 16 , 17 ]. On the other hand, there is increasing evidence that microbiome dysbiosis plays a critical role in the onset and progression of several degenerative diseases of the central nervous system [ 18 ] and the retina [ 19 , 20 , 21 ], as well as in the development and progression of several ocular diseases [ 22 , 23 , 24 ]. Obesity is a complex condition associated with an increase in a number of inflammatory markers, resulting in chronic low-grade inflammation [ 25 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma

Pezzino

Sofia

Greco

et al. 2023

IJMS

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The rate at which obesity is becoming an epidemic in many countries is alarming. Obese individuals have a high risk of developing elevated intraocular pressure and glaucoma. Additionally, glaucoma is a disease of epidemic proportions. It is characterized by neurodegeneration and neuroinflammation with optic neuropathy and the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGC). On the other hand, there is growing interest in microbiome dysbiosis, particularly in the gut, which has been widely acknowledged to play a prominent role in the etiology of metabolic illnesses such as obesity. Recently, studies have begun to highlight the fact that microbiome dysbiosis could play a critical role in the onset and progression of several neurodegenerative diseases, as well as in the development and progression of several ocular disorders. In obese individuals, gut microbiome dysbiosis can induce endotoxemia and systemic inflammation by causing intestinal barrier malfunction. As a result, bacteria and their metabolites could be delivered via the bloodstream or mesenteric lymphatic vessels to ocular regions at the level of the retina and optic nerve, causing tissue degeneration and neuroinflammation. Nowadays, there is preliminary evidence for the existence of brain and intraocular microbiomes. The altered microbiome of the gut could perturb the resident brain–ocular microbiome ecosystem which, in turn, could exacerbate the local inflammation. All these processes, finally, could lead to the death of RGC and neurodegeneration. The purpose of this literature review is to explore the recent evidence on the role of gut microbiome dysbiosis and related inflammation as common mechanisms underlying obesity and glaucoma.

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Microbiota and Ocular Diseases

Cited by 24 publications

References 233 publications

The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation

The Impact of Human Microbiotas in Hematopoietic Stem Cell and Organ Transplantation

Do Oral Pathogens Inhabit the Eye and Play a Role in Ocular Diseases?

Microbiome Dysbiosis: A Pathological Mechanism at the Intersection of Obesity and Glaucoma

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