Ocular<i>Halicephalobus</i>(syn.<i>Micronema) deletrix</i>in a Horse

Rames, Debbie. S.; Miller, D. K.; Barthel, Robert; Craig, Thomas M.; Dziezyc, Joan; Helman, R. G.; Mealey, Robert H.

doi:10.1177/030098589503200514

Cited by 55 publications

(52 citation statements)

References 6 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Only 94 out of the 98 eyes, or 103 samples respectively, have been tested for borrelia. (Rames et al 1995, Wollanke et al 2000. Zierhut et al 1991, Nussenblatt und Gery 1996, Zierhut et al 1999, Deeg et al 2002, Verma und Stevenson 2012 Gerhards 1997, Frühauf et al 1998, Gerhards et al 1999 Keiter et al 2017, Schinagl 2017 (Roberts et al 1952, Bryans 1955, Roberts 1958, Sova 1962, 1963, Bolte 1966, Williams 1968, Williams et al 1971, Wollanke 2002 (Hahn et al 1996, Priest et al 2012, Johnstone et al 2016).…”

Section: Investigations On the Borrelia-etiology In Equine Recurrent mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations on the Borrelia-etiology in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU)

Wollanke¹,

Gerhards²,

Kaufmann³

2017

PHK

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Section: Investigations On the Borrelia-etiology In Equine Recurrent mentioning

confidence: 99%

Investigations on the Borrelia-etiology in equine recurrent uveitis (ERU)

Wollanke¹,

Gerhards²,

Kaufmann³

2017

PHK

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

“…Most affected animals deteriorated (16,17,19,21,22,30) despite treatment, and the presence of live worms at autopsy suggests that the anthelmintic treatment was ineffective. In vitro susceptibility testing using microagar larval developmental tests (MALDTs) has been used to assess the effects of thiabendazole and ivermectin on the hatching rate and larval development of H. gingivalis (48).…”

Section: Case Reportmentioning

confidence: 99%

First Human Case of Fatal Halicephalobus gingivalis Meningoencephalitis in Australia

et al. 2015

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

h Halicephalobus gingivalis (previously Micronema deletrix) is a free-living nematode known to cause opportunistic infections, mainly in horses. Human infections are very rare, but all cases described to date involved fatal meningoencephalitis. Here we report the first case of H. gingivalis infection in an Australian human patient, confirmed by nematode morphology and sequencing of ribosomal DNA. The implications of this case are discussed, particularly, the need to evaluate real-time PCR as a diagnostic tool. CASE REPORTA 74-year-old lady from a regional town in the Eyre Peninsula of South Australia with a 4-day history of mental state deterioration, fever, and a loss of coordination was transferred to the Royal Adelaide Hospital. She was moderately immune suppressed by methotrexate and etanercept treatment for rheumatoid arthritis and had a history of diabetes. During the admission, her conscious state deteriorated rapidly, requiring mechanical ventilation and admission to the intensive care unit (ICU). Subsequently, she developed signs of brainstem involvement and exhibited a loss of corneal and gag reflexes. She was administered benzylpenicillin, ceftriaxone, and aciclovir for presumptive meningoencephalitis of bacterial or viral etiology. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) obtained by lumbar puncture demonstrated 280 ϫ10 6 polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)/liter, 18 ϫ10 6 mononuclear lymphocytes/liter, elevated CSF protein of 1.59 g/liter, and CSF glucose of 3.3 mmol/ liter; aerobic and anaerobic bacterial culture results were negative, as were PCR results for Streptococcus pneumoniae, Neisseria meningitidis, herpes simplex virus, and varicella-zoster virus. CSF India ink stain and cryptococcal antigen lateral flow assay (Immy, Inc., Norman, OK, USA) results were negative. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain exhibited a left-predominant, asymmetrical meningeal enhancement in the frontoparietal cortex, without any detectable brainstem changes. Two days later, repeated lumbar punctures showed a marked elevation of PMN to 2,500 ϫ10 6 cells/liter and 34 ϫ10 6 mononuclear cells/liter, with no bacteria detected upon Gram staining. CSF stained with DiffQuick (Alere, Brisbane, Australia) showed 99% PMN with very few eosinophils. CSF protein was markedly elevated (5.46 g/liter), and CSF glucose was 1.3 mmol/liter. Microscopic examination of 100 l of unstained CSF was performed after centrifugation at 700 ϫ g for 10 min, but no amoebic trophozoites were detected. With a suspicion of parasitic infection, given the unexplained high PMN counts, the antimicrobial treatment strategy was changed to liposomal amphotericin B, sulfadiazine, pentamidine, and azithromycin to target protists such as amoebae and Toxoplasma gondii. CSF was subjected to PCR for Naegleria fowleri, Acanthamoeba sp., and Balamuthia mandrillaris, but all test results were negative. No anti-Strongyloides serum antibody (IgG) was detected in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using somatic larval antigens from Strongyloides ratti (Bordier Affinity Pr...

show abstract

“…The genus Halicephalobus, previously known as Micronema, is classified in the order Rhabditida, which includes freeliving nematodes found in the soil and decaying organic matter. Only parasitic females, larvae, and eggs have been described in tissues, another habitat in which males and females exist is suspected, although not yet described (RAMES et al, 1995). The infections in horses and humans have been assigned to H. deletrix.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is presumed that the nematodes enter the tissues through lesions and are carried to other parts of the body in blood and lymph (RUBIN, 1974;KEG et al, 1984;GEORGE, 1990;RAMES et al, 1995) or through the optic nerve -optic tract and that the contamination of ocular wounds would be the entrance (RAMES et al, 1995).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%