Occurrence of pyrethroid resistance mutation in Cydia pomonella (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) throughout Argentina

Abstract

Pyrethroid insecticides were intensively used against Cydia pomonella in the Río Negro and Neuquén valley, main production area of pome fruits in Argentina. Therefore, the first objective was to evaluate lambda-cyhalothrin resistance levels in C. pomonella larvae from orchards in this area that are currently under pyrethroids treatments. The second objective was to evaluate the frequency of kdr mutation in C. pomonella across Argentina. High levels of resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin (resistance ratios > 30) were determined in all the populations evaluated. The L1014F (kdr) mutation was evaluated in 355 diapausing larvae collected in 12 orchards from San Juan to Santa Cruz provinces (1690 km away from each other). The highest frequency of kdr mutation was determined in larvae from the Río Negro and Neuquén valley (0.61), followed by those from Mendoza (0.36). The kdr allele was absent or present at very low frequencies in orchards subjected to low pyrethroid pressure. The frequency of detection of kdr mutation in C. pomonella from Argentina is related to the use of pyrethroids against this pest in different areas. Target-site insensitivity is, at least, one of the mechanisms involved in resistance to lambda-cyhalothrin in codling moth from the Río Negro and Neuquén valley.

Overexpression of Glutathione S-Transferase Genes in Field λ-Cyhalothrin-Resistant Population of Cydia pomonella: Reference Gene Selection and Expression Analysis

“…To date, the development of insecticide resistance to λ-cyhalothrin in C. pomonella has been documented in some countries, including Spain and Argentina . Therefore, the problem of resistance management in C.…”

“…For example, a strain collected from Catalunya in Spain displayed high resistance to λ-cyhalothrin (148- to 872-fold); C. pomonella populations in Argentina (30.55-fold) and Michigan (10-fold) gave moderate levels of resistance to λ-cyhalothrin. To investigate the resistance level of C.…”

“…However, effective management of this pest mainly relies on chemical insecticides including pyrethroids (Pys), organophosphates, and carbamates (Carbs), − which has led to the development of resistance to insecticides. , Recently, the use of λ-cyhalothrin, a Pys insecticide for C. pomonella control, has increased in the United States, Argentina, Spain, and China. ,,, However, susceptibility of the codling moth to this insecticide has not yet been reported in China. Insecticide resistance has been related to two major mechanisms: increased metabolic detoxification and target-site insensitivity of insecticides in the codling moth .…”

Genetic structure of Cydiapomonella populations in Argentina and Chile implies isolating barriers exist between populations

“…In Chile, increased activities of glutathione‐S‐transferase (GST) and cytochrome P‐450 monooxygenase (P‐450) have been reported (Reyes et al., 2015; Reyes et al., 2004; Reyes et al., 2009), while in Argentina, increased activities of P‐450 and esterase have been found (Cichón et al., 2013; Soleño et al., 2008,2012). Moreover, the knockdown resistance ( kdr ) mutation in the sodium channel has a low frequency in Chile (Reyes et al., 2009) and higher levels in some areas of Argentina (Soleño et al., 2020). Such differences in genetic architecture between C .…”

Genome-Wide Selective Signature Analysis Revealed Insecticide Resistance Mechanisms in Cydia pomonella

“…However, prolonged and excessive use of chemical insecticides has led to serious resistance problems, making many insecticides less effective [6,7]. For example, in recent years C. pomonella has evolved resistance to several pyrethroids and organophosphates [8,9].…”