Genetic structure of Cydiapomonella populations in Argentina and Chile implies isolating barriers exist between populations

Abstract

The codling moth (Cydia pomonella (L.)) is an invasive pest of pome fruits introduced to the Americas in the 19-20 th centuries. This pest is widespread on both sides of the Andes range separating Argentina and Chile. We performed an analysis of the population genetic variability and structure of C. pomonella in Argentina and Chile using 13 microsatellite markers and sampled C. pomonella from apple as the main host plant along its distribution area (approx. 1,800 km). A total of 22 locations (11 from Chile and 11 from Argentina) were sampled. Significant genetic differentiation was observed among samples from Argentina and Chile (F SC = 0.045) and between all localities (F ST = 0.085). Significant isolation by distance (IBD) was found for each country and when samples from both sides of the Andes range were pooled, although a lower correlation coefficient was observed. The Mantel test showed that the geographic distance and highest altitude of the mountains between locations were significantly associated with the pairwise F ST when samples from both sides of the Andes range were pooled. According to a Bayesian assignment test (STRUCTURE), samples from Argentina and Chile conformed to two distinct genetic clusters. Our results also suggest that the recent invasion of C. pomonella in the southernmost localities (Aysén Region in Chile and Santa Cruz Province in Argentina) originated in populations from the respective sides of the Andes range. Our results indicate a genetic exchange of C. pomonella within each country and significant genetic differentiation between countries, which could be explained by dispersal mediated by human activities related to fruit production within each country with little exchange between them. A possible explanation is that the Andes range could be a significant barrier for dispersal by flight, and quarantine barriers could prevent the movement of plant material or infested fruit between countries.

EfficientDet-4 Deep Neural Network-Based Remote Monitoring of Codling Moth Population for Early Damage Detection in Apple Orchard

“…The codling moth (Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus, 1758)) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) is among the most important and well-studied insects. Its genetics [1][2][3][4][5][6][7], resistance to chemical insecticides [8][9][10][11][12][13], monitoring and control strategies [14][15][16][17][18], effects of climate change on its biology and ecology [2,19], and many other phenomena have been studied in detail. It is the most harmful and widespread pest in apple orchards.…”

Population Genetic Structure and Geometric Morphology of Codling Moth Populations from Different Management Systems

“…Kuyulu and Genç [44] found low genetic differentiation among nine CM populations in Turkey, and Basoalto et al [45] found low genetic differentiation among 34 populations (F ST = 0.03) in Chile. Cichón et al [46] used 13 microsatellite markers for 22 locations in Chile and Argentina and found significant genetic differentiation among populations (FST = 0.085). Analyzing the geometric characteristics of the morphology (geometric morphometric tools) is a demonstrated monitoring tool for studying inter and intraspecific variation and is a useful tool to show forewing shape and size differences among codling moth populations [47].…”