Occurrence of FOX AmpC gene among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates in abattoir samples from south-eastern Nigeria

Abstract

In Nigeria, several investigations have been done about the prevalence of the AmpC enzyme in clinical isolates of Gram-negative bacteria; however, little information is available on the occurrence rate of this important enzyme in abattoir specimens that play a major role in the environmental pollution in Nigeria. This study aimed to evaluate the presence of FOX AmpC-producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from abattoir samples by both phenotypic method and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In this study, 360 abattoir samples were analyzed for the isolation of P. aeruginosa strains. Antibiogram was carried out using the disk diffusion technique. The production of AmpC enzymes was phenotypically screened and confirmed using the cefoxitin--cloxacillin double-disk synergy test (CC-DDST). Finally, gene responsible for FOX AmpC enzyme production was investigated using PCR. A total of 147 (40.8%) isolates of P. aeruginosa was recovered from the abattoir samples. Ceftazidime and ciprofloxacin with 45.6 and 19% of susceptibility rates were the most and the less effective antibiotics, respectively. A total of 24 (16.3%) P. aeruginosa isolates were confirmed to phenotypically produce AmpC enzyme. However, the PCR result showed that only three (12.5%) of P. aeruginosa isolates harbored the FOX AmpC gene suggesting the attendance of other AmpC resistance genes. This study reported the first occurrence of P. aeruginosa isolates harboring the FOX AmpC gene in abattoir samples from south-eastern Nigeria. This incident requires the adoption of new policies and measures to prevent the further spread of strains carrying the AmpC gene.

Metallo-β-lactamase and AmpC genes in Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolates from abattoir and poultry origin in Nigeria

“…The prevalence of GNB in slaughter houses and poultry farms is obvious due to the colonization of the gastrointestinal tract of animals with a variety of bacteria. However, since this high volume of bacteria may enter the human food chain and eventually lead to bacterial infections and the spread of antibiotic resistance, strict control policies should be implemented in the developing countries such as Nigeria to reduce the spread of MDR bacteria and increase the hygiene level of aforesaid environments [ 15 , 16 ].…”

“…The modified Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method was used for AST as per the guideline of Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) using single antibiotic discs: imipenem (IPM), meropenem (MEM), ertapenem (ETP), cefoxitin (FOX), ceftazidime (CAZ), amikacin (AK), gentamicin (GM), cefotaxime (CTX), ceftriaxone (CRO), ciprofloxacin (CIP), ofloxacin (OFX), ampicillin (AMP), aztreonam (ATM) on Mueller-Hinton (MH) agar plate (Oxoid, UK) according to a previous methodology [ 15 , 35 ]. All test isolates were adjusted to 0.5 McFarland turbidity standard prior to culture and sensitivity study, and incubated at 37 °C for 18–24 h. The zone of inhibition was measured, recorded, and interpreted as susceptible (S), and resistant (R) using standard antibiotic breakpoints as stated by the CLSI [ 35 ].…”

“…The PCR amplification of AmpC genes was performed in following condition: initial denaturation temperature at 94 °C for 3 min, followed by 25 cycles of DNA denaturation at 94 °C for 30 s, annealing at 64 °C for 30 s, primer extension at 72 °C for 1 min, and a final extension at 72 °C for 7 min. An AmpC gene carrying P. aeruginosa from a previous study was used as a positive control [ 15 ].…”

Association between Consumption of Fluoroquinolones and Carbapenems and Their Resistance Rates in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Argentina

“…Information was an important tool to modify irrational antimicrobial consumption in many countries [ 39 – 41 ]; however, in Latin America, these data are still lacking [ 26 ]. Although, there is no doubt that a high level of antimicrobial consumption is directly related to the level of bacterial resistance [ 42 ], antimicrobial usage patterns data are required to understand local resistance levels [ 43 , 44 ], including its use in animal production [ 45 , 46 ].…”

Genomic diversity of β-lactamase producing Pseudomonas aeruginosa in Iran; the impact of global high-risk clones

“…A study by Zhu et al showed higher rate of these type of β-lactamases in their clinical setting [28]. It has been also investigated in non-clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa [5]. Low prevalence of this type of β-lactamases in P. aeruginosa in comparing to Enterobacteriaceae shows the lower potency of P. aeruginosa plasmids to harbor PBampC β-lactamases.…”