Observations of Buoyant Plumes in Calm Stably Stratified Air

Crawford, T.V.; Leonard, Arthur S.

doi:10.1175/1520-0450(1962)001<0251:oobpic>2.0.co;2

Cited by 23 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 1 publication

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“…Abraham and Eysink (1969), Crawford and Leonard (1962), Fan (1967), Fox (1970) and Sneck and Brown (1974), and for plane jets from Wright and Wallace (1979) and . It is convenient to define the following normalized variables where M and B are the initial values of specific momentum and buoyancy flux.…”

Section: Density-stratified Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanics of Turbulent Buoyant Jets and Plumes

List

1982

Turbulent Buoyant Jets and Plumes

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Section: Density-stratified Environmentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanics of Turbulent Buoyant Jets and Plumes

List

1982

Turbulent Buoyant Jets and Plumes

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“…The data of Fox [1], Fan [2], Abraham and Eysink [3]. Crawford and Leonard [4] and Ogino [5] fall close to a single line given by The maximum height x m of buoyant jets discharged into a linearly stratified ambient is proportional to (dTa/dxy m and (F r ) 1/3 . The predicted height of neutral buoyancy is depicted in Fig.…”

Section: And 812 (Exit Froude Number F 2 = U 0 2 T M /[Gd(t 0 -T Ll()mentioning

confidence: 61%

“…Temperature or salinity stratification in the ambi ent fluid may cause the effluent to stop rising and spread laterally away from the buoyant jet axis before reaching the water surface. The experimental data and discussions for vertical round buoyant jets in static stratified environ ment were given by Fox [I], Fan [2], Abraham and Eysink [3], Crawford and Leonard [4] and Ogino et al [5]. The main purpose of this study is to present a kind of mathematical model and numerical method for prediction of this flow pattern in a temperature stratified environment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Calculation of whole field for vertical round buoyant jets in static linearly stratified environment

Hum

1995

Journal of Hydraulic Research

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The k-Z turbulent model is used to obtain a mathematical model of a vertieal round buoyant jet in static, line arly stratified environment. The Hybrid Finite Analytic Method and a staggered grid are used to calculate the whole field of this flow pattern. The centerline velocity and temperature, the maximum height of rise, the height of neutral buoyancy, the demarcation between buoyant jet and mushroom-cloud regions, and the demar cation between mushroom-cloud and spreading layer regions are calculated. RÉSUMÉUn modèle k-Z turbulent esl utilise pour obtenir un modèle mathématique de jet vertical flottant circulaire dans un milieu ambiant slalique stratifié linéairement. La methode hybride analytique finie et les maillages décalés sont utilises pour calculer le champ entier de l'écoulement. Le modèle donne la vitesse et la temperature sur la ligne axiale, la hauteur maximale d'élévation, la cole du point ncutrc du jet flottant, la demarcation entre le jet flottant et la region du nuage en champignon, la demarcation entre les regions du nuage en champignon et de la zone d'étalement.

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“…With an aim of clarifying the situation and providing a general formalism, Briggs [1969] made a careful review of these theoretical equations and retained the following relationship, which implicitly corresponds to α e = 0.125. Briggs [1969] collected heights from plumes generated by laboratory experiments [ Morton et al , 1956; Crawford and Leonard , 1962] and issuing from large oil fires [ Vehrencamp et al , 1955; Davies , 1969] to show that this simplified equation is valid for a wide range of length scales. In their review of data on turbulent plumes, Chen and Rodi [1980] added experimental studies to compare with the curve given by equation (8) and found a reasonable agreement although they noted an important scatter of data.…”

Section: Turbulent Plumes In a Calm Stratified Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Rise of turbulent plumes in a calm stratified environment. Open circles: Morton et al [1956]; squares: Abraham and Eysink [1969]; triangles: Crawford and Leonard [1962]; crosses: Fan [1967]; inverted triangles: Fox [1970]; solid circles: Sneck and Brown [1974]. Dotted and dashed lines correspond to predictions calculated with the two extreme values of α e that can be found in the experimental literature, 0.05 and 0.16, respectively.…”

Section: Turbulent Plumes In a Calm Stratified Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

On the rise of turbulent plumes: Quantitative effects of variable entrainment for submarine hydrothermal vents, terrestrial and extra terrestrial explosive volcanism

2008

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[1] The maximum height reached by a turbulent plume rising in a stratified environment is a key tool to estimate the flux released at its source, particularly for large-scale flows because flux can often be very hard to measure directly. This height is known to be mainly controlled by the stratification of the ambient fluid, source buoyancy flux, and the efficiency of turbulent mixing between the plume and the external fluid. The latter effect has been only superficially explored in spite of its fundamental control on the dynamics. Here we show that commonly used onedimensional models incorporating a constant entrainment coefficient do not provide satisfying predictions. We propose a new model allowing for variable entrainment which gives excellent predictions of maximum heights reached by laboratory plumes in stratified environments. We then apply our formalism to natural plumes produced by explosive volcanic eruptions under terrestrial, paleo-Martian, and Venusian conditions and by submarine hydrothermal activity at mid-ocean ridges. Source mass discharge rates deduced from maximum volcanic column heights for terrestrial eruptions are found to be greater than those estimated with the commonly used constant entrainment parameterization by a factor of 2. In the paleo-Martian atmosphere, existing models overestimate plume heights by 14-27%. In the current atmosphere of Venus, the maximum height reached by a volcanic plume is also found to be smaller than previously estimated for large eruption rates. The source heat flux released by the TAG field (Atlantic Ocean) deduced from several submarine hydrothermal plumes is found greater by a factor 3 with our model.

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Observations of Buoyant Plumes in Calm Stably Stratified Air

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Mechanics of Turbulent Buoyant Jets and Plumes

Mechanics of Turbulent Buoyant Jets and Plumes

Calculation of whole field for vertical round buoyant jets in static linearly stratified environment

On the rise of turbulent plumes: Quantitative effects of variable entrainment for submarine hydrothermal vents, terrestrial and extra terrestrial explosive volcanism

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