O desmatamento desigual na Amazônia brasileira: sua evolução, suas causas e conseqüências sobre o bem-estar

Abstract

The unequal deforestation in the Amazonian Region: its evolution, causes and consequences on the welfare The thesis analysis Amazonian Region's deforestation, highlighting its unequal evolution among the Amazonian states and points out its causes as well as evaluates the impacts on welfare if the deforestation is reduced. The thesis is organized in three articles following the nonconversional form allowed by "Luiz de Queiroz" College of Agriculture. The first article, Amazonian region's Ocupation Process and its deforestation-basing on the literature review and on published dataset and following the time chronology of the events since the Portuguese colonization-analyzes the stages of Amazonian region development and its consequent deforestation, highlighting the policies addressing to foster the Amazon's development and the current stage of economic activities. The population growth and the economic activities, pointed out as the main causes of the Amazonian deforestation and stimulated by economic policies, have been unequally developed inside the Amazonian region, generating the unequal deforestation process among the Amazonian states and inside each state. The second article, Recent Determinants of Legal Amazonian Region's Deforestation, evaluates, by using econometric procedures, the causes of deforestation normally emphasized by the literature and considering the time period from 2000 to 2004. The analysis is conducted for the entire Amazonian region and for each of its nine states and using municipal dataset. All explanatory variables except roundwood extraction and expenses in agriculture showed statistically significant to explain deforestation in the entire Amazonian Region. However, the same does not take place for each Amazonian state, what explains the unequal deforestation among them. By the end, the paper suggests some policies to restrain deforestation. The third article, The Analysis of Relationship Between Deforestation and Population Welfare in the Legal Amazonian Region, examines the empirical relationship between Amazonian rainforest deforestation and local population welfare, measuring the impact on welfare if the deforestation area is reduced. A Municipal Human Development Index-IDH-M was used to measure welfare. Using 1995 Agriculture Census dataset, a Cobb-Douglas production function was estimated considering three production inputs: capital, land and labor. Applying a nonlinear programming method on the results came from the production function, the impacts of land constraints on agriculture and agribusiness incomes could be calculated, generating a new value of income for each Amazonian state. Combining the new values of income with education and life indexes, a new IDM-H was estimated for some Amazonian states. The results point out IDM-H has small reductions, despite of significant reductions on some states' income, if some restrains were established on arable land use.

Desmatamento e crescimento econômico no Brasil: uma análise da curva de Kuznets ambiental para a Amazônia legal

“…A hipótese da EKC para o desmatamento da Amazônia foi verificada nos trabalhos de Gomes e Braga (2008) e Araújo et al (2008), em nível estadual, sendo que neste último o objetivo principal era a verificação da importância de aspectos institucionais. A EKC também foi verificada, com dados municipais, por Caldas et al (2003), Santos et al (2008) e Prates (2008).…”

“…Ângelo e Pereira de Sá (2007) e Ewers, Laurance e Souza Jr (2008) utilizaram regressões para séries de tempo. Gomes e Braga (2008), Santos et al (2008) e Prates (2008) utilizaram modelos econométricos de dados em painel. Os outros autores utilizaram regressões com dados em corte cruzado (em nível estadual, municipal, de setor censitário, ou gride -segmentação da área de estudo em quadrados de dimensão determinada, como, por exemplo, 25 km x 25 km).…”

Os processos de urbanização e conversão florestal na Amazônia paraense – um estudo multiescalar

“…A Amazônia Legal 1 é um recorte espacial para fins de planejamento e abrange os estados do Acre, Amapá, Amazonas, Mato Grosso, Maranhão, Pará, Roraima, Rondônia e Tocantins. Com aproximadamente 24 milhões de residentes (IBGE, 2010), a Amazônia Legal teve seu processo histórico de ocupação associado, genericamente, a três grandes fases econômicas: extração e exportação do látex; projetos estatais de colonização; e avanço de agentes impulsionadores de mercados interno e externo conjugados ao poder público (BECKER, 2001(BECKER, , 2009BECKER;STENNER, 2008;PRATES;BACHA, 2011).…”

“…Os distintos históricos de ocupação da Amazônia brasileira, sua vasta extensão territorial e características geográficas locais resultam em significativas diferenças intrarregionais. A documentada heterogeneidade associada ao processo de conversão florestal (AGUIAR, 2007;PRATES, 2008) e urbanização (HOGAN et al, 2008BECKER, 2009BECKER, , 2013 e a necessidade de compreender as especificidades no espaço regional como "quadro de referência básica para ação política" (BECKER, 2001, p. 155) levam ao questionamento quanto à eficiência de propostas metodológicas que tratam estes processos de forma homogênea no território. Alternativamente, é possível explorar as relações entre variáveis a partir da perspectiva local, utilizando regressões geograficamente ponderadas (GWR) (BRUNSDON et al, 1996).…”

<b>Environmental services as an endogenous development strategy: an alternative to deforestation in the state of Acre, Brazil

“…The government intervention on the Brazilian Amazon was direct in the decades of sixty to eighty, and with tax incentives from the eighties (Prates, 2008). The structural changes and the government incentives are direct to promote economic growth, and the region occupation.…”