Nutrient requirements and low-cost balanced diets, based on seasonally available local feedstuffs, for local pigs on smallholder farms in Western Kenya

Carter, Natalie; Dewey, Catherine E.; Thomas, Lian F.; Lukuyu, Ben A.; Lange, Cornelis de

doi:10.1007/s11250-015-0957-6

Cited by 10 publications

(12 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…Palm kernel meal is used in Southeast Asia, especially in pullet and laying hen diets [28]. Dried sweet potatoes, banana meal, and several other raw materials can be used in some countries but are not listed here because their use is highly specific and very localized [78,79]. …”

Section: Pig and Poultry Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Guerre

2016

Toxins

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The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of production and the raw materials used can have on mycotoxins levels in diets. Our analysis focuses on mycotoxins for which maximum tolerated levels or regulatory guidelines exist, and for which sufficient contamination data are available. Raw materials used in feed formulation vary considerably depending on the species of animal, and the stage of production. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites whose frequency and levels also vary considerably depending on the raw materials used and on the geographic location where they were produced. Although several reviews of existing data and of the literature on worldwide mycotoxin contamination of food and feed are available, the impact of the different raw materials used on feed formulation has not been widely studied.

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Section: Pig and Poultry Dietsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Guerre

2016

Toxins

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“…This clearly highlights the need to redefine protein requirements for slow-growing indigenous pigs. Carter et al (2016) reported that the nutrient requirements of local pigs are lower than those of exotic breeds. An increase in ADFI and ADG as the week proceeded could be associated with an increase in body size from about 24.4 kg in week 1 to 39.8 kg in week 8.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Response to reduced dietary protein level on growth performance in growing Windsnyer pigs

Hlatini

Chimonyo

Ncobela

et al. 2021

Trop Anim Health Prod

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The objective of the study was to determine the growth performance response to reduced dietary protein level and to identify the optimum level of protein for the performance in growing Windsnyer pigs. Maize-soybean-based diets were formulated to contain a protein level of 193 g/kg, 173.7 g/kg, 154.4 g/kg, 135.1 g/kg, 115.8 g/kg and 96.5 g/kg. The 193 g/kg (control diet) is the standard recommended by the National Research Council. The amino acid levels and net energy value were similar in all treatments. The study was conducted with five growing Windsnyer pigs per each protein inclusion level. The trial was carried out with individually caged pigs aged 4 months, weighing about 23 (SD = 1.39) kg. The experiment lasted a period of 8 weeks excluding 2 weeks of the adaptation period. The feed and water were offered ad libitum. The average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), final body weight (FBW) and metabolic body weight (BW 0.75) were measured. Polynomial regression and piecewise regressions were used to analyse data. Decremental levels of protein did not affect (p > 0.05) ADFI and ADG. Reduced levels of protein influenced FBW, BW 0.75 and FCR (p < 0.05). A decreasing quadratic response was observed in FCR, as CP decreased from 193 g/kg to 135.1, FCR improved from 3.18 to 2.13 then suddenly decreased with the CP level. There was a quadratic increase in BW 0.75 and FBW as inclusion levels of protein were reduced (p < 0.05). They increased from 193 g/kg (FBW 39.5 and BW 0.75 12.8) protein level until 135.1 g/kg (FBW 45.1 and BW 0.75 14.6) then begun to decrease as dietary protein level was decreased further. Using stepwise piece (broken stick) methods, the optimum protein level for FCR was estimated to be at 135.1 g/kg (p < 0.05). The maximum level of dietary protein for BW and BW 0.75 was obtained at 135.1 g/kg. Reduction of the CP level in the Windsnyer pig diet beyond 138.3, 132.1 and 132.3 g/kg hinders the FCR, FBW and BW 0.75 , respectively. Protein levels can be reduced from the standard recommendation level of 193 g/kg to 135.1 g/kg without compromising the growth performance of growing Windsnyer pigs.

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“…with sand) is recommended. These are discussed in more detail in a subsequent manuscript where pig nutrient requirements, ingredient constraints, actual ration composition and estimated pig performance are reported (Carter et al, 2015a).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Nutritional Value and Seasonal Availability of Feed Ingredients for Pigs in Uganda

Carter

Dewey

Lukuyu

et al. 2015

Agricultura Tropica Et Subtropica

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In this study nutritional values and seasonal availability of 43 local feed ingredients for pigs in Uganda, were estimated based on nutrient analyses and literature values, information needed to develop low-cost balanced rations for pigs on smallholder farms. Parameters considered were: concentration of ash, neutral detergent fibre (NDF), crude protein (CP), calcium (Ca), phosphorous (P), ether extract (EE), total lysine (Lys), standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys, standardized total tract digestible (STTD) P (all as % of dry matter [DM]); digestible energy (DE), (kcal kg−1 of DM); and DM concentration. Concentration of DE, total Lys, SID Lys, and STTD P were estimated. Ingredient seasonal availability and relative importance were identified. Ground sun-dried fish (Rastrineobola argentea) had highest estimated DE concentration and Napier grass (Pennisetum purpureum) had lowest (4209 and 535 kcal kg−1 of DM, respectively). Ground sun-dried fish had highest CP and estimated total Lys concentration (59.9 and 6.7% of DM, respectively) and banana peel (Musa sapientum), had lowest (5.21 and 0.08% of DM, respectively). Milled ingredients sampled here had higher ash than in the literature (e.g. ground sun-dried fish 58.1 vs 15.9% of DM) likely indicating sand contamination. There were 3 seasons of availability of ingredients. Banana peel, maize bran, and sweet potato vine (Ipomoea batatas) were ranked highest; and commercially-prepared ration, and kale/collard greens (Brassica oleracea var. acephala), were ranked lowest as potential feed ingredients. Ingredients with nutritional profiles suitable for pigs are available but some only in certain seasons. Estimated nutritional values may assist in ration formulation.

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Nutrient requirements and low-cost balanced diets, based on seasonally available local feedstuffs, for local pigs on smallholder farms in Western Kenya

Cited by 10 publications

References 38 publications

Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Response to reduced dietary protein level on growth performance in growing Windsnyer pigs

Nutritional Value and Seasonal Availability of Feed Ingredients for Pigs in Uganda

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