Worldwide Mycotoxins Exposure in Pig and Poultry Feed Formulations

Abstract

The purpose of this review is to present information about raw materials that can be used in pig and poultry diets and the factors responsible for variations in their mycotoxin contents. The levels of mycotoxins in pig and poultry feeds are calculated based on mycotoxin contamination levels of the raw materials with different diet formulations, to highlight the important role the stage of production and the raw materials used can have on mycotoxins levels in diets. Our analysis focuses on mycotoxins for which maximum tolerated levels or regulatory guidelines exist, and for which sufficient contamination data are available. Raw materials used in feed formulation vary considerably depending on the species of animal, and the stage of production. Mycotoxins are secondary fungal metabolites whose frequency and levels also vary considerably depending on the raw materials used and on the geographic location where they were produced. Although several reviews of existing data and of the literature on worldwide mycotoxin contamination of food and feed are available, the impact of the different raw materials used on feed formulation has not been widely studied.

Mycotoxins feed contamination in a dairy farm – potential implications for milk contamination and workers' exposure in a One Health approach

“…It is relevant to consider the influence of geographic origin in the contamination of feedstuffs. 25 Already DON has been reported as a mycotoxin that is more prevalent in different types of raw materials used to produce feed; it is common to find DON, for instance, in maize, wheat, soybean meal, and others. 25 The prevention of mycotoxin contamination of milk should entail good practice along the feed production chain, including the primary production of feed ingredients.…”

“…25 Already DON has been reported as a mycotoxin that is more prevalent in different types of raw materials used to produce feed; it is common to find DON, for instance, in maize, wheat, soybean meal, and others. 25 The prevention of mycotoxin contamination of milk should entail good practice along the feed production chain, including the primary production of feed ingredients. 9,25 The low level of AFB1 obtained in one of the raw materials (corn flour) explains why AFB1 was not found in the mixed ration for lactating cows and cows in maternity.…”

“…25 The prevention of mycotoxin contamination of milk should entail good practice along the feed production chain, including the primary production of feed ingredients. 9,25 The low level of AFB1 obtained in one of the raw materials (corn flour) explains why AFB1 was not found in the mixed ration for lactating cows and cows in maternity. However, this situation can change, particularly under a climate-change scenario, and a possible increase in AFB1 contamination for feed ingredients has been predicted.…”

Evaluation of a short-term ingestion of zearalenone, fumonisin, and aflatoxin mixture incorporated, at low concentration, into the diet of weanling piglets and the effect of an anti-mycotoxin feed additive

“…Nevertheless, we can state that the antimycotoxin additive did not affect the feed intake or induce toxic response in weanling piglets. Also, it is important highlight that although the multicontaminated diets present lower doses of ZEA and FB than recommended for EU guideline for monocontamination, while present doses of AF above of the regulatory levels (GUERRE, 2016). Nevertheless, since in combinations, the mycotoxins were not toxic for young piglets.…”

“…The diets with mycotoxin combinations present lower doses of ZEA and FB than recommended for EU guideline, while present doses of AF above of the regulatory levels (GUERRE, 2016).…”