Nutrient intake, nitrogen balance and growth performance in buffalo calves fed citrus pulp as a concentrate source

Abstract

The study was planned to investigate the effects of dried citrus pulp on nutrient intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, blood metabolites, growth performance and economics in Nilli Ravi buffalo calves. Twenty buffalo male calves of 18 to 24 months of age having 200 to 250 kg body weight were used in a randomized complete block design. Four iso-caloric and iso-nitrogenous diets containing 5, 10, 15 and 20% dried citrus pulp were formulated. The experiment lasted for adaptation period while last five days of each month served as collection period. Feed was offered ad libitum twice a day. Animals were weighed fortnightly before morning feeding to assess their growth performance. The results showed non-significant effects of various levels of dried citrus pulp on nutrient intake and digestibility. Nitrogen metabolism was also remained unaltered among the treatments. There were non-significant differences in weight gain and blood metabolites in calves fed various levels of dried citrus pulp. However, a linear reduction in price per kg diet was observed as the level of dried citrus pulp was increased from 5 to 20% in the diet. The study showed that dried citrus pulp can be used successfully up to 20% in the diet of calves without any ill effect on feed intake, digestibility and growth performance.

Citrus and Winery Wastes: Promising Dietary Supplements for Sustainable Ruminant Animal Nutrition, Health, Production, and Meat Quality

“…In vivo results show that CP digestibility decreased with increasing levels of citrus and winery by-products in ruminant diets and the relationship is stronger than that of OM digestibility [20,38]. This suggests that polyphenols from citrus and winery by-products have a stronger interaction with proteins than do the other organic components in the diet, particularly fiber fractions.…”

Subprodutos agroindustriais na ensilagem de Pennisetum purpureum/ Agroindustrial by-products in Pennisetum purpureum silage

“…Por seu caráter energético, a PCP possui baixo teor de PB em sua composição, cerca de 7% JAVED et al, 2016). Este fato explica a redução desta fração na massa ensilada até a inclusão de 10% deste subproduto.…”

A Researcher’s Dilemma: Philosophy in Crafting Dissertations and Theses

“…Reflecting on the model proposed by Muhammad et al (2011) leaves a critical question unanswered: what it the relationship between philosophy and paradigm? The researcher contended that philosophy precedes paradigm and therefore propose the following model as clarifying the researcher's dilemma regarding this intricate relationship.…”

“…Thus, philosophy precedes paradigm. Nonetheless, the researcher acknowledged the framework by Muhammad et al (2011) and accepted it as providing important insight into understanding the relationship between philosophy and paradigm. The model provides a mnemonic device which should aid easy retention of paradigm structure by students.…”

“…A paradigm is associated with a model for doing research (Huitt 2011). Many models are available, but for the purposes of this paper I follow a model suggested by Muhammad et al (2011). According to this model, a paradigm is made up of a philosophy, ontology, epistemology and methodology.…”