Numerical prediction of the hardened zone in laser treatment of carbon steel

Experimental investigation and 3D finite element prediction of the heat affected zone during laser assisted machining of Ti6Al4V alloy

“…To date, Kou et al (1983) used the Fourier differential equation to predict the depth of the HAZ during laser heating which were used in most of the models. Bokota and Iskierka (1996) found that this method was quite difficult to solve analytically for given boundary and initial conditions. Ashby and Easterling (1984) carried the analytical analysis further, developing an approximate solution for the entire temperature field.…”

A new model for the volume fraction of martensitic transformations

“…[12] implies that in the temperature range under consideration the elastic moduli of the materials are relatively insensitive to temperature changes. [16] The dissipated energy is associated with the formation of lattice defects and the interaction of the advancing phase interfaces with these defects; this as- sumption also means that these mechanisms are relatively insensitive to temperature changes, as has been shown experimentally.…”

“…[2] and [3]) have been used extensively to describe the volume fraction of martensitic transformations. [10][11][12][13][14] For example, in the internal variables model for shape-memory alloys, Tanaka et al [10] adapted the exponential form for steels by assuming that the martensite fraction () for shape memory-alloys is an exponential function of temperature (T) and uniaxial stress (); thus,…”

Numerical modeling and experimental investigation of the superficial layer of SKD61 steel during laser surface hardening

“…All of these processes have been studied both theoretically and experimentally (Mazumder and Steen,1980;Steen, 2003;Bokota and Iskierka, 1996). Surface treatments effected by laser beam irradiation include laser hardening, laser alloying, and laser cladding.…”