Numerical and experimental investigation of hydraulic fracture using the synthesized PMMA

Khadraoui, Sofiane; Hachemi, Messaoud; Allal, Ahmed; Rabiei, Minou; Arabi, Abderraouf; Khodja, Mohamed; Lebouachera, Seif El Islam; Drouiche, Nadjib

doi:10.1007/s00289-020-03300-6

Cited by 13 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…We conducted the experiments in poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), a transparent, thermoplastic polymer, with the advantage being that one could visually observe fracture proliferation. Researchers have used PMMA for hydraulic fracturing tests because of its known properties and proximity to shale in terms of certain mechanical properties, including fracture toughness and brittleness [21][22][23]. Table 2 summarizes the mechanical and thermal properties of PMMA at both room temperature and cryogenic temperature, for it exhibits temperature-dependent properties.…”

Section: Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…PMMA was selected for this study because of its transparency for observations of real-time fracture processes, and PMMA has been used in the literature as a surrogate for rocks in borehole fracturing experiments owing to its similarity to shale regarding certain mechanical properties [21][22][23]. Among rock formations, the closest counterpart of PMMA, which is glassy and impermeable, is shale.…”

Section: Effect Of Rock Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Cryogenic Fracture Proliferation from Boreholes under Stresses

2023

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Cryogenic fracturing has been explored in recent years as a waterless fracturing method for well stimulation to avoid issues encountered in water-based hydraulic fracturing. Cryogenic stimulation using liquid nitrogen applies large thermal gradients on reservoir rocks to induce fractures. This study investigates the initiation and proliferation of cryogenic fractures from boreholes under external stress on specimens. We flowed liquid nitrogen through boreholes drilled through the center of transparent PMMA cylinders under uniaxial stress and monitored fracture proliferation, temperatures, and borehole pressures. Our results show that the effect of stress resembles that of hydraulic fractures such that fractures propagate more in the direction of the stress. Under loading perpendicular to the borehole axis, a cloud of annular and longitudinal fractures extends more in the direction of loading. Under loading parallel to the borehole axis, longitudinal fractures dominate, and annular fractures become more suppressed and more sparsely distributed than those of unconfined specimens. Even if fractures are driven to initiate against the influence of stress, such as those from a boundary edge of a high stress concentration, they gradually deflect in the direction of stress, similar to hydraulic fractures from perforation holes that curve toward a direction perpendicular to the minimum stress direction.

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Section: Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Effect Of Rock Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cryogenic Fracture Proliferation from Boreholes under Stresses

2023

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“…An advantage of performing experiments in a transparent specimen is that one can observe fracture proliferation through the media with time. Researchers often use PMMA for hydraulic fracturing tests because of its known physical properties and proximity to shale in terms of its mechanical properties, including its fracture toughness and brittleness [31][32][33]. Table 1 summarizes the mechanical and thermal properties of PMMA at both room temperature and cryogenic temperature as it exhibits temperaturedependent properties.…”

Section: Specimensmentioning

confidence: 99%

Propagation of Cryogenic Thermal Fractures from Unconfined PMMA Boreholes

et al. 2021

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In cryogenic fracturing, a rock surface exposed to cryogenic fluids undergoes a large thermal gradient, and the resultant local tensile stress overcomes rock strength and initiates fractures. This study investigates the development of cracks generated from the cryogenic treatment of a borehole under no external confining stress on specimens. The experiments were performed on transparent PMMA specimens to observe fracture proliferation around boreholes. Liquid nitrogen was flowed through the boreholes to cool the borehole surface. The results show that initial fracture growth is characterized by abrupt starts and stops, and as the fracture propagates outward, the growth appears more continuous. In an early stage, horizontal/radial fractures and vertical fractures are the defining patterns. Horizontal fractures tend to be separated by a specific exclusion distance (i.e., spacing between cracks). While distinct horizontal/vertical fractures and exclusion distance manifest themselves at an early stage, fractures resulting from fracture interactions and curvatures can develop into complex shapes at later stages. Cryogenic thermal loading induces distinctively curved fractures. The tendency of curvature may prevent greater penetration. An increase in the borehole pressure during liquid nitrogen flow, however, can lessen fracture tortuosity and facilitate radial propagation. A high flow pressure and rate are also advantageous in that they accelerate cooling and fracture propagation.

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“…1.67-1.86 [19,20] 0.70 [20] High-end cameras [21] Zinc sulfide (ZnS) 1.9 [22] 1 [22] IR laser systems [23] Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) 0.175 [24] 1.08-1.96 [25] Camera lens for mobile, and intraocular lens Silicon (Si) a 10 [22] 0.6-0.7 [22] IR optical systems, and semiconductor [26] a Listed as a reference, which is usually called a hard-brittle material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of tool geometry on ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials: a comprehensive review

Huang

Yan

2023

Int. J. Extrem. Manuf.

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Brittle materials are widely used for producing important components in the industry of optics, optoelectronics, and semiconductors. Ultraprecision machining of brittle materials with high surface quality and surface integrity helps improve the functional performance and lifespan of the components. According to their hardness, brittle materials can be roughly divided into hard-brittle and soft-brittle ones. Although there have been some literature reviews for ultraprecision machining of hard-brittle materials, up to date, very few review papers are available that focus on the processing of soft-brittle materials. Due to the “soft” and “brittle” properties, this group of materials has unique machining characteristics. This paper presents a comprehensive overview of recent advances in ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials. Critical aspects of machining mechanisms such as chip formation, surface topography, and subsurface damage for different machining methods, including diamond turning, micro end milling, ultraprecision grinding, and micro/nano burnishing, are compared in terms of tool-workpiece interaction. The effects of tool geometries on the machining characteristics of soft-brittle materials are systematically analyzed, and dominating factors are sorted out. Problems and challenges in the engineering applications are pointed out, and solutions/guidelines for future R&D are provided.

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Numerical and experimental investigation of hydraulic fracture using the synthesized PMMA

Cited by 13 publications

References 27 publications

Cryogenic Fracture Proliferation from Boreholes under Stresses

Cryogenic Fracture Proliferation from Boreholes under Stresses

Propagation of Cryogenic Thermal Fractures from Unconfined PMMA Boreholes

Effect of tool geometry on ultraprecision machining of soft-brittle materials: a comprehensive review

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